{"id":11030,"date":"2026-10-27T08:30:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-27T07:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/?p=11030"},"modified":"2026-11-03T10:00:00","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T09:00:00","slug":"what-is-ceramics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/blog\/what-is-ceramics\/","title":{"rendered":"What is ceramics? The complete guide for 2027"},"content":{"rendered":"<aside class=\"csp-retenir\"><h2 class=\"csp-retenir-titre\">Key points<\/h2><ul><li>Ceramics is clay that has been shaped, dried and heated until it changes for good.<\/li><li>In a studio, three clays do almost everything: earthenware stays porous, stoneware and porcelain vitrify.<\/li><li>A pot usually goes through five stages: making, drying, biscuit firing, glazing and glaze firing.<\/li><li>Only a suitable ceramic glaze, fired to the right temperature, makes a pot safe for food and drink.<\/li><li>Start with a session in a studio, before buying anything: the materials, tools and kiln are already there.<\/li><\/ul><\/aside>\n<p>A mug, a roof tile, a bathroom wall tile, a washbasin: all of them are examples of ceramics. What they share is not a shape or a use but a transformation. A soft material is formed, dried, then heated until it becomes a different one.<\/p>\n<h2>What is ceramics?<\/h2>\n<p>A ceramic is an object made of clay, shaped and then fired. The word comes from the Greek <em>keramos<\/em>, potter\u2019s clay, and entered English in its modern meaning around 1850. It covers two worlds: the potter\u2019s studio, part craft and part art, and the advanced, or technical, ceramics developed in the 20th century for properties that ordinary pottery cannot match, such as extreme hardness and resistance to heat and wear. These are made from fine powders of inorganic compounds such as alumina, zirconia and silicon carbide, heated until the grains fuse: the process is called sintering. Their applications include hip and knee replacements, dental implants, cutting tools, electronic components and the heat-shield tiles of the Space Shuttle.<\/p>\n<p>In this V&amp;A film, the ceramicists Kate Malone, a former judge on <em>The Great Pottery Throw Down<\/em>, and Neil Brownsword tour the museum\u2019s ceramics collection, which runs from Chinese porcelain to contemporary studio work: a fair measure of how much the word covers.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"csp-video\" data-csp-video=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/rIgxtQxL-Y4?autoplay=1&amp;rel=0&amp;playsinline=1&amp;iv_load_policy=3\" data-csp-titre=\"Highlights from the Ceramics collection\">\n\t\t<div class=\"csp-video__cadre\">\n\t\t\t<button type=\"button\" class=\"csp-video__lancer\" aria-label=\"Play the video : Highlights from the Ceramics collection\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"csp-video__vignette\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/csp-video\/rIgxtQxL-Y4.jpg?v=1792939486\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"720\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"csp-video__voile\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"csp-video__play\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M8 5.5v13l10.5-6.5z\" fill=\"currentColor\"\/><\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"csp-video__duree\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Length <\/span>10:54<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<figcaption class=\"csp-video__legende\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"csp-video__titre\">\n\t\t\t\tVideo \u2014 Highlights from the Ceramics collection \u00b7 <span class=\"csp-video__chaine\">Victoria and Albert Museum<\/span>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"csp-video__avis\">Playing loads YouTube (Google), which may set cookies. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rIgxtQxL-Y4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">Watch on YouTube<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t<\/figcaption>\n\t<\/figure>\n<p>Pottery is only one part of it: the part that makes vessels.<\/p>\n<h3>Earth and fire: why heat changes the material<\/h3>\n<p>Wet clay holds whatever shape you give it. Dried, it hardens, but a dry pot dropped into a bucket of water slumps back into mud. Heat drives off the water chemically bound in its crystals, and that chemical change cannot be undone: the pot has become a kind of artificial stone. At higher temperatures, some components of the body, silica and fluxes, melt and fill the pores. This is vitrification.<\/p>\n<p>The properties of ceramics come from this process: they are hard, strong under compression and resistant to heat, wear and corrosion, with low electrical and thermal conductivity. The downside is familiar to anyone who has dropped a bowl: a ceramic does not bend, it breaks. It is brittle, and thermal shock, a sudden change of temperature, can crack it. The raw materials are common elements of the earth\u2019s crust: clay minerals, quartz and feldspar.<\/p>\n<h2>Three clays, three temperatures<\/h2>\n<p>Traditional ceramics all start from clay, but not the same one. Terracotta, used for roof tiles, bricks and flowerpots, is the oldest and the most basic: rough, unglazed and absorbent. In the studio, three families do almost everything, and the temperature at which each one matures sets them apart.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Earthenware<\/strong> fires between 980 and 1050 \u00b0C and stays porous: unglazed or chipped, it soaks up liquids. In return, it takes bright decorative colours that higher temperatures would burn out.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Stoneware<\/strong> typically fires between 1240 and 1280 \u00b0C and vitrifies: the pot comes out strong and watertight, even unglazed. Much everyday tableware is made of it, and so is most studio work.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Porcelain<\/strong> fires between 1200 and 1400 \u00b0C depending on the recipe. Made mostly of kaolin, it turns translucent when thin, but it shrinks by 12 to 15 % and warps at the slightest error, which makes it the least forgiving material to work with.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full csp-photo\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-trois-terres-pieces.webp\" alt=\"An earthenware jug, a stoneware bowl and a porcelain cup placed side by side on a table\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" class=\"wp-image-9525\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-trois-terres-pieces.webp 1200w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-trois-terres-pieces-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-trois-terres-pieces-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-trois-terres-pieces-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-trois-terres-pieces-590x393.webp 590w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-trois-terres-pieces-1005x670.webp 1005w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-trois-terres-pieces-577x385.webp 577w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-trois-terres-pieces-640x427.webp 640w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-trois-terres-pieces-600x400.webp 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>The dividing line matters more than the figures: porous bodies on one side, vitrified bodies on the other. It decides what a pot can be used for, which kiln you need and which bag to buy first.<\/p>\n<script type=\"application\/json\" id=\"csp-tools-i18n\">{\"language\":\"en\",\"locale\":\"en-GB\",\"toolsUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ceramispot.com\\\/en\\\/outils\\\/\",\"dictionary\":{\"Digitalfire \\u2014 mesure du retrait sur \\u00e9prouvettes\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 measuring shrinkage with test bars\",\"Skutt \\u2014 calcul du co\\u00fbt \\u00e9lectrique d\\u2019une cuisson\":\"Skutt \\u2014 calculating the electricity cost of a firing\",\"Orton \\u2014 c\\u00f4nes et travail thermique\":\"Orton \\u2014 cones and heatwork\",\"Bar\\u00e8me Orton officiel, diffus\\u00e9 par L\\u0026L Kilns (PDF, page 2)\":\"Official Orton chart, distributed by L\\u0026L Kilns (PDF, page 2)\",\"Mayco \\u2014 compatibilit\\u00e9 avec la vaisselle\":\"Mayco \\u2014 dinnerware suitability\",\"Renseignez \\u00ab {0} \\u00bb avec un nombre valide.\":\"Enter a valid number for \\u201c{0}\\u201d.\",\"\\u00ab {0} \\u00bb doit \\u00eatre compris entre {1} et {2}.\":\"\\u201c{0}\\u201d must be between {1} and {2}.\",\"\\u00ab {0} \\u00bb doit \\u00eatre sup\\u00e9rieur \\u00e0 z\\u00e9ro.\":\"\\u201c{0}\\u201d must be greater than zero.\",\"\\u00ab {0} \\u00bb doit \\u00eatre un nombre entier.\":\"\\u201c{0}\\u201d must be a whole number.\",\"Choisissez une valeur valide pour \\u00ab {0} \\u00bb.\":\"Choose a valid value for \\u201c{0}\\u201d.\",\"Ce retrait d\\u00e9passe 30 %. V\\u00e9rifiez les unit\\u00e9s, les deux \\u00e9tats mesur\\u00e9s et la fiche de la p\\u00e2te.\":\"This shrinkage exceeds 30 %. Check the units, the two measured states and the clay body\\u2019s technical data sheet.\",\"Calculateur de retrait\":\"Shrinkage calculator\",\"Passez des dimensions finales aux dimensions humides, mesurez votre retrait ou combinez deux \\u00e9tapes.\":\"Convert final dimensions to wet dimensions, measure your shrinkage or combine two stages.\",\"Que souhaitez-vous calculer ?\":\"What would you like to calculate?\",\"Dimension \\u00e0 fa\\u00e7onner\":\"Dimension to make\",\"Dimension apr\\u00e8s cuisson\":\"Dimension after firing\",\"Retrait mesur\\u00e9 sur une \\u00e9prouvette\":\"Shrinkage measured on a test bar\",\"Retrait de deux \\u00e9tapes successives\":\"Shrinkage across two successive stages\",\"Dimension connue\":\"Known dimension\",\"En mode \\u00ab \\u00e0 fa\\u00e7onner \\u00bb : dimension finale voulue. En mode \\u00ab apr\\u00e8s cuisson \\u00bb : dimension humide.\":\"In \\u201cdimension to make\\u201d mode: the desired final dimension. In \\u201cafter firing\\u201d mode: the wet dimension.\",\"Retrait total de votre terre\":\"Your clay\\u2019s total shrinkage\",\"Exemple : 12 %. Remplacez-le par une mesure humide \\u2192 cuisson finale, \\u00e0 votre temp\\u00e9rature.\":\"Example: 12 %. Replace this with a measurement from wet clay to the final firing, at your firing temperature.\",\"Distance entre rep\\u00e8res, terre humide\":\"Distance between marks in wet clay\",\"M\\u00eame distance apr\\u00e8s cuisson finale\":\"The same distance after the final firing\",\"Retrait humide \\u2192 sec\":\"Wet \\u2192 dry shrinkage\",\"Retrait sec \\u2192 cuit\":\"Dry \\u2192 fired shrinkage\",\"Utilisez ce mode seulement si la deuxi\\u00e8me valeur est exprim\\u00e9e par rapport \\u00e0 la dimension s\\u00e8che.\":\"Use this mode only if the second value is expressed relative to the dry dimension.\",\"Distance humide\":\"Wet dimension\",\"Distance cuite\":\"Fired dimension\",\"La dimension cuite d\\u00e9passe la dimension humide : il s\\u2019agit d\\u2019une expansion ou d\\u2019une erreur de mesure, pas d\\u2019un retrait.\":\"The fired dimension exceeds the wet dimension: this is expansion or a measurement error, not shrinkage.\",\"Retrait total mesur\\u00e9\":\"Measured total shrinkage\",\"Perte de longueur\":\"Loss of length\",\"Mesurez plusieurs \\u00e9prouvettes et conservez la r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence de terre, l\\u2019humidit\\u00e9 de fa\\u00e7onnage et la cuisson. Ce r\\u00e9sultat d\\u00e9crit cet essai.\":\"Measure several test bars and record the clay reference, its moisture content when formed and the firing. This result describes that test.\",\"Retrait de s\\u00e9chage\":\"Drying shrinkage\",\"Retrait de cuisson\":\"Firing shrinkage\",\"Retrait total humide \\u2192 cuit\":\"Total wet \\u2192 fired shrinkage\",\"Dimension cuite pour 100 mm humides\":\"Fired dimension for 100 mm when wet\",\"Les retraits successifs se multiplient par leurs facteurs restants : ils ne s\\u2019additionnent pas.\":\"Successive shrinkages are combined by multiplying their remaining proportions: they are not added together.\",\"Retrait total\":\"Total shrinkage\",\"Retrait utilis\\u00e9\":\"Shrinkage used\",\"Facteur d\\u2019agrandissement\":\"Enlargement factor\",\"Appliquez le calcul s\\u00e9par\\u00e9ment \\u00e0 chaque axe. Il suppose un retrait uniforme ; le fa\\u00e7onnage, les contraintes et la cuisson peuvent d\\u00e9former la pi\\u00e8ce.\":\"Apply the calculation separately to each axis. It assumes uniform shrinkage; forming, stresses and firing can distort the piece.\",\"Retrait = (longueur humide \\u2212 longueur cuite) \\u00f7 longueur humide. Dimension humide = dimension finale \\u00f7 (1 \\u2212 retrait). Dimension finale = dimension humide \\u00d7 (1 \\u2212 retrait).\":\"Shrinkage = (wet length \\u2212 fired length) \\u00f7 wet length. Wet dimension = final dimension \\u00f7 (1 \\u2212 shrinkage). Final dimension = wet dimension \\u00d7 (1 \\u2212 shrinkage).\",\"Deux retraits successifs a et b donnent 1 \\u2212 (1 \\u2212 a) \\u00d7 (1 \\u2212 b). Exemple : 6 % puis 7 % donnent 12,58 %. Un retrait nul est accept\\u00e9. Une valeur manquante n\\u2019est jamais remplac\\u00e9e par z\\u00e9ro.\":\"Two successive shrinkages a and b give 1 \\u2212 (1 \\u2212 a) \\u00d7 (1 \\u2212 b). Example: 6 % followed by 7 % gives 12.58 %. Zero shrinkage is accepted. A missing value is never replaced with zero.\",\"Le calcul n\\u2019attribue aucun retrait automatique \\u00e0 une famille de terre. Une \\u00e9prouvette doit reproduire la p\\u00e2te et le cycle r\\u00e9ellement utilis\\u00e9s.\":\"The calculation does not assign an automatic shrinkage value to a clay family. A test bar must reproduce the clay body and firing cycle actually used.\",\"C\\u00f4nes pyrom\\u00e9triques et temp\\u00e9ratures\":\"Pyrometric cones and temperatures\",\"Consultez les \\u00e9quivalences Orton autoportantes en tenant compte de la vitesse finale de mont\\u00e9e.\":\"Look up Orton self-supporting cone equivalents, taking the final heating rate into account.\",\"Recherche\":\"Search\",\"\\u00c0 partir d\\u2019un num\\u00e9ro de c\\u00f4ne\":\"From a cone number\",\"Encadrer une temp\\u00e9rature\":\"Find the cones bracketing a temperature\",\"Mont\\u00e9e sur les 100 derniers degr\\u00e9s\":\"Heating rate over the last 100 degrees\",\"Num\\u00e9ro du c\\u00f4ne\":\"Cone number\",\"C\\u00f4ne {0}\":\"Cone {0}\",\"06 et 6 sont deux c\\u00f4nes tr\\u00e8s diff\\u00e9rents.\":\"06 and 6 are two very different cones.\",\"Temp\\u00e9rature \\u00e0 encadrer\":\"Temperature to bracket\",\"Rep\\u00e8res Orton autoportants Regular en atmosph\\u00e8re oxydante. Un palier, une autre forme de c\\u00f4ne ou une autre atmosph\\u00e8re modifie l\\u2019\\u00e9quivalence. Contr\\u00f4lez les c\\u00f4nes t\\u00e9moins et la notice de votre bo\\u00eete.\":\"Orton self-supporting Regular cone reference values in an oxidising atmosphere. A hold, a different cone type or a different atmosphere changes the equivalent temperature. Check your witness cones and the instructions on your box.\",\"C\\u00f4ne\":\"Cone\",\"Non publi\\u00e9\":\"Not published\",\"c\\u00f4ne\":\"cone\",\"C\\u00f4ne {0}, \\u00e0 {1} \\u00b0C\\\/h\":\"Cone {0}, at {1} \\u00b0C\\\/h\",\"Le bar\\u00e8me ne fournit pas cette valeur. Aucune interpolation n\\u2019est effectu\\u00e9e.\":\"The chart does not provide this value. No interpolation is performed.\",\"Cette temp\\u00e9rature est une \\u00e9quivalence de travail thermique dans les conditions du bar\\u00e8me ; ce n\\u2019est pas une consigne universelle.\":\"This temperature is a heatwork equivalent under the chart\\u2019s stated conditions; it is not a universal firing setpoint.\",\"Temp\\u00e9rature\":\"Temperature\",\"La temp\\u00e9rature sort de la table \\u00e0 {0} \\u00b0C\\\/h ({1} \\u00e0 {2} \\u00b0C). Aucun c\\u00f4ne n\\u2019est extrapol\\u00e9.\":\"The temperature is outside the chart at {0} \\u00b0C\\\/h ({1} to {2} \\u00b0C). No cone is extrapolated.\",\"Rep\\u00e8re dans le bar\\u00e8me\":\"Position in the chart\",\"Entre {0} et {1}\":\"Between {0} and {1}\",\"L\\u2019encadrement ne cr\\u00e9e pas de num\\u00e9ro de c\\u00f4ne interm\\u00e9diaire et ne pr\\u00e9dit pas la d\\u00e9formation de vos c\\u00f4nes.\":\"Bracketing does not create an intermediate cone number or predict how your cones will bend.\",\"Les c\\u00f4nes suivent le travail thermique, qui d\\u00e9pend du temps et de la temp\\u00e9rature. Le bar\\u00e8me utilis\\u00e9 est celui d\\u2019Orton pour les c\\u00f4nes autoportants Regular, colonne Celsius, \\u00e0 15, 60 et 150 \\u00b0C\\\/h sur les 100 derniers degr\\u00e9s.\":\"Cones respond to heatwork, which depends on time and temperature. This tool uses the Celsius table for Orton self-supporting Regular cones, at 15, 60 and 150 \\u00b0C\\\/h over the last 100 degrees.\",\"Les valeurs absentes restent \\u00ab Non publi\\u00e9 \\u00bb. La recherche inverse encadre la temp\\u00e9rature entre deux lignes existantes ; elle ne l\\u2019assimile pas artificiellement au c\\u00f4ne le plus proche. Les petits c\\u00f4nes, grands c\\u00f4nes mont\\u00e9s diff\\u00e9remment, Iron Free, Seger et autres marques n\\u00e9cessitent leur propre table.\":\"Missing values remain \\u201cNot published\\u201d. The reverse lookup brackets the temperature between two existing rows; it does not artificially assign it to the nearest cone. Small cones, large cones mounted differently, Iron Free, Seger and other brands require their own charts.\",\"Co\\u00fbt r\\u00e9el d\\u2019une cuisson\":\"The actual cost of a firing\",\"Distinguez l\\u2019\\u00e9lectricit\\u00e9, les autres frais et le co\\u00fbt par pi\\u00e8ce avec une consommation mesur\\u00e9e ou estim\\u00e9e.\":\"Separate electricity, other expenses and the cost per piece using measured or estimated energy consumption.\",\"Comment conna\\u00eetre la consommation ?\":\"How will you determine consumption?\",\"Estimer \\u00e0 partir de la puissance\":\"Estimate from the power rating\",\"J\\u2019ai relev\\u00e9 les kWh consomm\\u00e9s\":\"I have measured the kWh consumed\",\"Puissance \\u00e9lectrique du four\":\"Kiln electrical power rating\",\"Plaque signal\\u00e9tique. Ce chiffre n\\u2019est pas une consommation en kWh.\":\"From the rating plate. This figure is not energy consumption in kWh.\",\"Dur\\u00e9e pendant laquelle le four r\\u00e9gule\":\"Time during which the kiln controls the temperature\",\"Incluez les paliers et le refroidissement contr\\u00f4l\\u00e9 s\\u2019il alimente les r\\u00e9sistances ; excluez le refroidissement naturel \\u00e9teint.\":\"Include holds and controlled cooling if they power the elements; exclude natural cooling with the power off.\",\"Part moyenne de puissance utilis\\u00e9e\":\"Average proportion of rated power used\",\"Hypoth\\u00e8se d\\u2019exemple, \\u00e0 calibrer. Ce n\\u2019est pas le taux de remplissage du four.\":\"An example assumption to calibrate. This is not how full the kiln is.\",\"Consommation relev\\u00e9e\":\"Measured consumption\",\"Votre prix moyen du kWh\":\"Your average price per kWh\",\"Valeur d\\u2019exemple. Utilisez votre facture ; en heures pleines\\\/creuses, renseignez une moyenne pond\\u00e9r\\u00e9e par les kWh.\":\"Example value. Use your bill; for peak\\\/off-peak tariffs, enter an average weighted by the kWh consumed.\",\"Entretien et consommables par fourn\\u00e9e\":\"Maintenance and consumables per firing\",\"Part du co\\u00fbt du four par fourn\\u00e9e\":\"Kiln purchase cost allocated per firing\",\"Votre co\\u00fbt d\\u2019\\u00e9quipement r\\u00e9parti sur le nombre de cuissons pr\\u00e9vu. Mettez 0 si vous ne l\\u2019incluez pas.\":\"Your equipment cost spread over the expected number of firings. Enter 0 if you are not including it.\",\"Temps consacr\\u00e9 \\u00e0 la fourn\\u00e9e\":\"Time spent on the firing\",\"Valorisation de ce temps\":\"Value assigned to this time\",\"Nombre de pi\\u00e8ces comparables\":\"Number of comparable pieces\",\"pi\\u00e8ces\":\"pieces\",\"Devis atelier pour cette m\\u00eame fourn\\u00e9e\":\"Studio quotation for this same firing\",\"0 pour ignorer la comparaison. Comparez le m\\u00eame volume, les m\\u00eames services et le m\\u00eame nombre de cuissons.\":\"Enter 0 to skip the comparison. Compare the same volume, services and number of firings.\",\"Consommation\":\"Consumption\",\"Puissance\":\"Power\",\"Dur\\u00e9e\":\"Duration\",\"Part de puissance\":\"Proportion of power\",\"Prix du kWh\":\"Price per kWh\",\"Entretien\":\"Maintenance\",\"Part du four\":\"Allocated kiln cost\",\"Temps\":\"Time\",\"Taux horaire\":\"Hourly rate\",\"Nombre de pi\\u00e8ces\":\"Number of pieces\",\"Devis atelier\":\"Studio quotation\",\"Co\\u00fbt total renseign\\u00e9 par fourn\\u00e9e\":\"Total entered cost per firing\",\"Consommation estim\\u00e9e\":\"Estimated consumption\",\"\\u00c9lectricit\\u00e9 seule\":\"Electricity only\",\"Entretien + \\u00e9quipement\":\"Maintenance + equipment\",\"Temps valoris\\u00e9\":\"Value of time\",\"Co\\u00fbt moyen par pi\\u00e8ce\":\"Average cost per piece\",\"Le co\\u00fbt par pi\\u00e8ce suppose une r\\u00e9partition \\u00e9gale entre pi\\u00e8ces comparables. Pour des tailles diff\\u00e9rentes, r\\u00e9partissez plut\\u00f4t selon l\\u2019espace de four occup\\u00e9.\":\"The cost per piece assumes an equal share among comparable pieces. For different sizes, allocate costs according to the kiln space occupied instead.\",\"La consommation reste une estimation : tension, programme, chargement et \\u00e9tat du four influencent le r\\u00e9sultat. Un relev\\u00e9 de kWh permet de le calibrer.\":\"Consumption remains an estimate: voltage, programme, loading and kiln condition affect the result. A kWh measurement lets you calibrate it.\",\"Sur les frais renseign\\u00e9s, votre four co\\u00fbte {0} \\u20ac de moins que le devis atelier.\":\"Based on the costs entered, your kiln costs {0} \\u20ac less than the studio quotation.\",\"Sur les frais renseign\\u00e9s, le devis atelier co\\u00fbte {0} \\u20ac de moins.\":\"Based on the costs entered, the studio quotation costs {0} \\u20ac less.\",\"Les deux co\\u00fbts renseign\\u00e9s sont \\u00e9gaux.\":\"The two entered costs are equal.\",\"Les frais non saisis (local, ventilation, abonnement suppl\\u00e9mentaire, assurance\\u2026) ne sont pas inclus.\":\"Expenses not entered (premises, ventilation, additional standing charges, insurance, etc.) are not included.\",\"Consommation estim\\u00e9e (kWh) = puissance (kW) \\u00d7 dur\\u00e9e de r\\u00e9gulation (h) \\u00d7 part moyenne de puissance utilis\\u00e9e. Co\\u00fbt \\u00e9lectrique = kWh \\u00d7 tarif. Le mode mesur\\u00e9 remplace cette estimation par le relev\\u00e9 r\\u00e9el.\":\"Estimated consumption (kWh) = power (kW) \\u00d7 time under temperature control (h) \\u00d7 average proportion of rated power used. Electricity cost = kWh \\u00d7 tariff. Measured mode replaces this estimate with the actual reading.\",\"Co\\u00fbt total renseign\\u00e9 = \\u00e9lectricit\\u00e9 + entretien + part de l\\u2019\\u00e9quipement + temps valoris\\u00e9. Le r\\u00e9sultat par pi\\u00e8ce est ce total divis\\u00e9 par un nombre entier strictement positif.\":\"Total entered cost = electricity + maintenance + allocated equipment cost + value of time. The result per piece is this total divided by a strictly positive whole number.\",\"Le programme peut continuer \\u00e0 alimenter les r\\u00e9sistances pendant un refroidissement contr\\u00f4l\\u00e9. Le remplissage du four et le taux d\\u2019alimentation \\u00e9lectrique sont deux notions diff\\u00e9rentes. Aucun tarif d\\u2019\\u00e9nergie dat\\u00e9 ni facteur de consommation universel n\\u2019est impos\\u00e9.\":\"The programme may continue powering the elements during controlled cooling. How full the kiln is and the proportion of electrical power used are two different things. No dated energy tariff or universal consumption factor is imposed.\",\"Fixer le prix d\\u2019une pi\\u00e8ce\":\"Set the price of a piece\",\"Chiffrez le travail, les pertes et les frais de vente, puis choisissez une majoration ou une marge sur le prix.\":\"Cost the work, losses and selling expenses, then choose a mark-up or a margin on the price.\",\"Terre par pi\\u00e8ce fabriqu\\u00e9e\":\"Clay per piece made\",\"\\u00c9maux et engobes\":\"Glazes and engobes\",\"Part de cuisson\":\"Allocated firing cost\",\"Autres frais par pi\\u00e8ce fabriqu\\u00e9e\":\"Other expenses per piece made\",\"Quote-part d\\u2019atelier et consommables, hors frais d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 compt\\u00e9s.\":\"Share of studio costs and consumables, excluding expenses already counted.\",\"Temps de fabrication\":\"Making time\",\"Moyenne par pi\\u00e8ce tent\\u00e9e, y compris les \\u00e9tapes des pi\\u00e8ces perdues. Ne comptez pas deux fois ce temps.\":\"Average per piece attempted, including work on pieces lost during production. Do not count this time twice.\",\"Co\\u00fbt horaire du travail\":\"Hourly labour cost\",\"Votre hypoth\\u00e8se de co\\u00fbt, pas un salaire net garanti.\":\"Your cost assumption, not a guaranteed take-home wage.\",\"Pi\\u00e8ces perdues avant la vente\":\"Pieces lost before sale\",\"Emballage par pi\\u00e8ce vendue\":\"Packaging per piece sold\",\"Ce co\\u00fbt est ajout\\u00e9 apr\\u00e8s les pertes de fabrication.\":\"This cost is added after production losses.\",\"Frais fixes par pi\\u00e8ce vendue\":\"Fixed expenses per piece sold\",\"Comment exprimer votre objectif ?\":\"How would you like to express your target?\",\"Majoration du co\\u00fbt apr\\u00e8s pertes\":\"Mark-up on cost after losses\",\"Marge apr\\u00e8s commissions, en % du prix HT\":\"Margin after commissions, as % of the price excluding VAT\",\"Objectif\":\"Target\",\"Majoration : +25 % du co\\u00fbt. Marge sur prix : 25 % du prix HT restant apr\\u00e8s co\\u00fbt et commissions.\":\"Mark-up: +25 % of cost. Margin on price: 25 % of the price excluding VAT remaining after costs and commissions.\",\"Frais proportionnels de vente\":\"Percentage-based selling fees\",\"Renseignez votre contrat. Aucun taux de plateforme n\\u2019est pr\\u00e9sum\\u00e9.\":\"Enter the terms of your agreement. No platform rate is assumed.\",\"TVA appliqu\\u00e9e \\u00e0 la vente\":\"VAT applied to the sale\",\"0 si non applicable. Renseignez le taux de votre situation. Les co\\u00fbts saisis excluent la TVA r\\u00e9cup\\u00e9rable et incluent celle qui reste \\u00e0 votre charge.\":\"Enter 0 if not applicable. Enter the rate for your situation. Entered costs exclude recoverable VAT and include VAT that remains your expense.\",\"Assiette des frais proportionnels\":\"Basis for percentage-based fees\",\"Prix hors TVA\":\"Price excluding VAT\",\"Prix TTC\":\"Price including VAT\",\"Terre\":\"Clay\",\"\\u00c9maux\":\"Glazes\",\"Cuisson\":\"Firing\",\"Autres frais\":\"Other expenses\",\"Co\\u00fbt horaire\":\"Hourly cost\",\"Taux de perte\":\"Loss rate\",\"Emballage\":\"Packaging\",\"Frais fixes\":\"Fixed expenses\",\"Frais proportionnels\":\"Percentage-based fees\",\"TVA\":\"VAT\",\"Les frais proportionnels et la marge sur le prix absorbent 100 % ou plus du prix HT. R\\u00e9duisez ces taux ou v\\u00e9rifiez l\\u2019assiette TTC.\":\"Percentage-based fees and the margin on price absorb 100 % or more of the price excluding VAT. Reduce these rates or check whether fees apply to the VAT-inclusive price.\",\"Prix TTC calcul\\u00e9\":\"Calculated price including VAT\",\"Prix calcul\\u00e9 (sans TVA ajout\\u00e9e)\":\"Calculated price (no VAT added)\",\"Co\\u00fbt par pi\\u00e8ce vendable\":\"Cost per saleable piece\",\"TVA sur la vente\":\"VAT on the sale\",\"Solde apr\\u00e8s co\\u00fbts et frais saisis\":\"Balance after entered costs and expenses\",\"Poste par pi\\u00e8ce vendable\":\"Item per saleable piece\",\"Montant\":\"Amount\",\"Production avant pertes\":\"Production before losses\",\"Surco\\u00fbt des pertes\":\"Additional cost of losses\",\"Emballage et frais fixes de vente\":\"Packaging and fixed selling expenses\",\"L\\u2019objectif est une majoration du co\\u00fbt ; son pourcentage n\\u2019est pas une marge exprim\\u00e9e sur le prix de vente.\":\"The target is a mark-up on cost; its percentage is not a margin expressed as a share of the selling price.\",\"L\\u2019objectif est la part du prix HT restant apr\\u00e8s les co\\u00fbts et les frais proportionnels renseign\\u00e9s.\":\"The target is the share of the price excluding VAT remaining after the entered costs and percentage-based fees.\",\"Ce calcul n\\u2019ajoute pas automatiquement cotisations, imp\\u00f4ts, transport ou frais non saisis. La TVA n\\u2019est pas un revenu. Les r\\u00e8gles de votre activit\\u00e9 doivent \\u00eatre v\\u00e9rifi\\u00e9es s\\u00e9par\\u00e9ment.\":\"This calculation does not automatically add social contributions, taxes, transport or expenses not entered. VAT is not income. The rules applicable to your business must be checked separately.\",\"Plus de la moiti\\u00e9 des pi\\u00e8ces sont perdues dans cette hypoth\\u00e8se : le co\\u00fbt unitaire augmente fortement. V\\u00e9rifiez le taux.\":\"More than half the pieces are lost in this assumption: the unit cost increases sharply. Check the rate.\",\"Co\\u00fbt par pi\\u00e8ce vendable C = (mati\\u00e8res + cuisson + frais de production + travail) \\u00f7 (1 \\u2212 taux de perte) + emballage + frais fixes de vente. Les pertes portent sur la fabrication ; l\\u2019emballage ne finance que les pi\\u00e8ces vendues.\":\"Cost per saleable piece C = (materials + firing + production expenses + labour) \\u00f7 (1 \\u2212 loss rate) + packaging + fixed selling expenses. Losses apply to production; packaging pays only for pieces sold.\",\"Si c est le taux de frais sur le prix HT : prix HT = C \\u00d7 (1 + majoration) \\u00f7 (1 \\u2212 c). Pour une marge m exprim\\u00e9e en part du prix HT apr\\u00e8s frais : prix HT = C \\u00f7 (1 \\u2212 c \\u2212 m).\":\"If c is the fee rate on the price excluding VAT: price excluding VAT = C \\u00d7 (1 + mark-up) \\u00f7 (1 \\u2212 c). For a margin m expressed as a share of the price excluding VAT after fees: price excluding VAT = C \\u00f7 (1 \\u2212 c \\u2212 m).\",\"Si les frais sont factur\\u00e9s sur le TTC, remplacez c par c \\u00d7 (1 + taux de TVA). Prix TTC = prix HT \\u00d7 (1 + taux de TVA). La somme des taux ne doit pas absorber tout le prix. Les arrondis ne sont appliqu\\u00e9s qu\\u2019\\u00e0 l\\u2019affichage.\":\"If fees are charged on the VAT-inclusive price, replace c with c \\u00d7 (1 + VAT rate). Price including VAT = price excluding VAT \\u00d7 (1 + VAT rate). The sum of the rates must not absorb the whole price. Rounding is applied only when displaying values.\",\"Bpifrance Cr\\u00e9ation \\u2014 taux de marque\":\"Bpifrance Cr\\u00e9ation \\u2014 margin as a share of selling price\",\"Bpifrance Cr\\u00e9ation \\u2014 fixation du prix de vente\":\"Bpifrance Cr\\u00e9ation \\u2014 setting a selling price\",\"Budget de d\\u00e9marrage : acheter ou louer\":\"Start-up budget: buy or rent\",\"Comparez deux budgets \\u00e0 rythme identique, avec vos devis et votre fr\\u00e9quence r\\u00e9elle de cuisson.\":\"Compare two budgets at the same activity level, using your quotations and actual firing frequency.\",\"Dur\\u00e9e \\u00e0 comparer\":\"Comparison period\",\"S\\u00e9ances par mois\":\"Sessions per month\",\"s\\u00e9ances\":\"sessions\",\"Une moyenne fractionnaire est possible, par exemple 2,5.\":\"A fractional average is possible, for example 2.5.\",\"Fourn\\u00e9es \\u00e9quivalentes par mois\":\"Equivalent kiln loads per month\",\"fourn\\u00e9es\":\"kiln loads\",\"M\\u00eame volume et m\\u00eame nombre de passages au four dans les deux sc\\u00e9narios. Comptez biscuit et \\u00e9mail s\\u00e9par\\u00e9ment.\":\"The same volume and number of firings in both scenarios. Count biscuit and glaze firings separately.\",\"Achat du four\":\"Kiln purchase\",\"Achat du tour\":\"Wheel purchase\",\"Autre \\u00e9quipement et installation\":\"Other equipment and installation\",\"Ajoutez, selon votre projet, installation \\u00e9lectrique, ventilation et mobilier.\":\"Add electrical installation, ventilation and furniture as appropriate to your project.\",\"Terre, \\u00e9lectricit\\u00e9, \\u00e9maux et usure par s\\u00e9ance\":\"Clay, electricity, glazes and wear per session\",\"Exemple : 6 \\u20ac de terre et 8 \\u20ac d\\u2019\\u00e9lectricit\\u00e9, d\\u2019\\u00e9maux et d\\u2019usure. Remplacez ce forfait par vos co\\u00fbts.\":\"Example: 6 \\u20ac for clay and 8 \\u20ac for electricity, glazes and wear. Replace this allowance with your costs.\",\"Frais par fourn\\u00e9e non compris dans le forfait s\\u00e9ance\":\"Expenses per firing not included in the session allowance\",\"Ne comptez pas deux fois les frais d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 inclus dans votre forfait par s\\u00e9ance.\":\"Do not count expenses already included in your session allowance twice.\",\"Autres frais mensuels chez vous\":\"Other monthly costs at home\",\"Prix d\\u2019une s\\u00e9ance en atelier\":\"Price of a studio session\",\"Consommables non inclus par s\\u00e9ance\":\"Consumables not included per session\",\"Cuisson en atelier hors forfait s\\u00e9ance\":\"Studio firing outside the session allowance\",\"0 si d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 inclus dans les s\\u00e9ances. Utilisez un devis correspondant \\u00e0 votre volume.\":\"Enter 0 if already included in the sessions. Use a quotation for your volume.\",\"Autres frais mensuels pour l\\u2019atelier\":\"Other monthly studio costs\",\"S\\u00e9ances\":\"Sessions\",\"Fourn\\u00e9es\":\"Firings\",\"Four\":\"Kiln\",\"Tour\":\"Wheel\",\"Autre \\u00e9quipement\":\"Other equipment\",\"Consommables chez vous\":\"Consumables at home\",\"Cuisson chez vous\":\"Firing at home\",\"Autres frais chez vous\":\"Other costs at home\",\"S\\u00e9ance atelier\":\"Studio session\",\"Consommables atelier\":\"Studio consumables\",\"Cuisson atelier\":\"Studio firing\",\"Autres frais atelier\":\"Other studio costs\",\"Hors plage de calcul\":\"Outside the calculation range\",\"L\\u2019\\u00e9conomie mensuelle saisie est trop petite pour chiffrer un d\\u00e9lai fini \\u00e0 cette pr\\u00e9cision. V\\u00e9rifiez les montants.\":\"The entered monthly saving is too small to calculate a finite period at this precision. Check the amounts.\",\"Sans investissement initial, le sc\\u00e9nario chez vous est moins co\\u00fbteux d\\u00e8s le premier mois.\":\"With no initial investment, the home scenario costs less from the first month.\",\"L\\u2019investissement est compens\\u00e9 apr\\u00e8s {0} mois \\u00e0 rythme constant, soit au terme du mois {1} en comparaison mensuelle.\":\"The investment is recovered after {0} months at a constant activity level, or by the end of month {1} when comparing monthly totals.\",\"\\u00c9galit\\u00e9\":\"Equal\",\"Aucun seuil\":\"No break-even point\",\"Les deux sc\\u00e9narios ont le m\\u00eame co\\u00fbt dans ces hypoth\\u00e8ses.\":\"The two scenarios cost the same under these assumptions.\",\"Les co\\u00fbts mensuels sont \\u00e9gaux : l\\u2019\\u00e9cart d\\u2019investissement ne se r\\u00e9sorbe pas avec ces hypoth\\u00e8ses.\":\"Monthly costs are equal: the initial investment difference is not recovered under these assumptions.\",\"Le sc\\u00e9nario chez vous co\\u00fbte davantage chaque mois : l\\u2019achat n\\u2019est pas compens\\u00e9 par une \\u00e9conomie de fonctionnement dans ces hypoth\\u00e8ses.\":\"The home scenario costs more each month: running-cost savings do not recover the purchase cost under these assumptions.\",\"Comparaison de d\\u00e9penses, sans financement, inflation, valeur de revente ni diff\\u00e9rence de service. Un cours accompagn\\u00e9 n\\u2019\\u00e9quivaut pas \\u00e0 une s\\u00e9ance autonome. Ajoutez les frais r\\u00e9els manquants avant de d\\u00e9cider.\":\"A comparison of expenses, excluding financing, inflation, resale value and differences in service. A taught class is not equivalent to an independent session. Add any actual costs missing before deciding.\",\"Les deux budgets sont \\u00e9gaux \\u00e0 la pr\\u00e9cision d\\u2019un centime affich\\u00e9e dans le tableau.\":\"The two budgets are equal to the one-cent precision shown in the table.\",\"Sc\\u00e9nario le moins co\\u00fbteux sur {0} mois\":\"Lower-cost scenario over {0} months\",\"Chez vous\":\"At home\",\"En atelier\":\"At a studio\",\"Chez vous, achat compris\":\"At home, including purchase\",\"Investissement initial\":\"Initial investment\",\"D\\u00e9lai de compensation\":\"Payback period\",\"D\\u00e9penses r\\u00e9currentes\":\"Recurring expenses\",\"Atelier\":\"Studio\",\"Par mois\":\"Per month\",\"Par an\":\"Per year\",\"D\\u00e9penses chez vous = investissement initial + nombre de mois \\u00d7 (s\\u00e9ances \\u00d7 consommables + fourn\\u00e9es \\u00d7 co\\u00fbt variable + frais mensuels). D\\u00e9penses en atelier = nombre de mois \\u00d7 (s\\u00e9ances \\u00d7 prix et suppl\\u00e9ments + fourn\\u00e9es \\u00d7 tarif atelier + frais mensuels).\":\"Home expenses = initial investment + number of months \\u00d7 (sessions \\u00d7 consumables + firings \\u00d7 variable cost + monthly expenses). Studio expenses = number of months \\u00d7 (sessions \\u00d7 price and extras + firings \\u00d7 studio firing rate + monthly expenses).\",\"D\\u00e9lai de compensation = investissement \\u00f7 \\u00e9conomie mensuelle, seulement si cette \\u00e9conomie est strictement positive. Le nombre de fourn\\u00e9es est saisi ; aucune conversion arbitraire depuis le nombre de s\\u00e9ances n\\u2019est appliqu\\u00e9e.\":\"Payback period = investment \\u00f7 monthly saving, only when that saving is strictly positive. The number of firings is entered; no arbitrary conversion from the number of sessions is applied.\",\"Les montants propos\\u00e9s sont un exemple de calcul, pas des prix de march\\u00e9 ni une recommandation d\\u2019achat.\":\"The suggested amounts are a calculation example, not market prices or a purchase recommendation.\",\"Quelle terre pour votre projet ?\":\"Which clay for your project?\",\"Orientez votre choix selon la cuisson disponible, la technique et l\\u2019usage de la pi\\u00e8ce.\":\"Guide your choice according to the available firing, technique and intended use of the piece.\",\"Cuisson accessible\":\"Available firing\",\"Je ne connais pas encore la cuisson\":\"I do not yet know the firing conditions\",\"Aucun four c\\u00e9ramique\":\"No ceramics kiln\",\"Cuisson basse, autour de 1 000\\u20131 100 \\u00b0C\":\"Low firing, around 1 000\\u20131 100 \\u00b0C\",\"Cuisson vers 1 200\\u20131 250 \\u00b0C\":\"Firing around 1 200\\u20131 250 \\u00b0C\",\"Cuisson au-del\\u00e0 de 1 250 \\u00b0C\":\"Firing above 1 250 \\u00b0C\",\"Votre technique\":\"Your technique\",\"Modelage, plaques ou colombins\":\"Handbuilding, slabs or coils\",\"Tournage\":\"Throwing\",\"Grande pi\\u00e8ce ou sculpture\":\"Large piece or sculpture\",\"Coulage en moule\":\"Slip casting in a mould\",\"Usage pr\\u00e9vu\":\"Intended use\",\"Manger ou boire\":\"Eating or drinking\",\"D\\u00e9coration int\\u00e9rieure\":\"Indoor decoration\",\"Ext\\u00e9rieur, gel possible\":\"Outdoors, possible frost\",\"Cuisson des aliments ou flamme\":\"Cooking food or direct flame\",\"Rendu recherch\\u00e9\":\"Desired appearance\",\"Terre apparente ou texture\":\"Exposed clay or texture\",\"Support blanc pour les d\\u00e9cors\":\"A white base for decoration\",\"Blanc fin et translucide\":\"Fine, translucent white\",\"Votre pratique\":\"Your experience\",\"Je d\\u00e9bute\":\"I am a beginner\",\"J\\u2019ai d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 pratiqu\\u00e9\":\"I have some experience\",\"Commencez par le lieu de cuisson\":\"Start with where the piece will be fired\",\"Demandez \\u00e0 l\\u2019atelier quelles r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences de p\\u00e2te, temp\\u00e9ratures et atmosph\\u00e8res il accepte. Ce choix conditionne les terres utilisables.\":\"Ask the studio which clay bodies, temperatures and atmospheres it accepts. This determines which clays you can use.\",\"P\\u00e2te autodurcissante d\\u00e9corative\":\"Air-drying clay for decoration\",\"Une cuisson adapt\\u00e9e est \\u00e0 pr\\u00e9voir\":\"Suitable firing will be needed\",\"Sans four c\\u00e9ramique, r\\u00e9servez la p\\u00e2te autodurcissante \\u00e0 un projet d\\u00e9coratif conforme \\u00e0 sa notice. Une peinture ou un vernis ne transforme pas automatiquement l\\u2019objet en vaisselle.\":\"Without a ceramics kiln, reserve air-drying clay for a decorative project in accordance with its instructions. Paint or varnish does not automatically make an object suitable as dinnerware.\",\"Ce parcours ne valide pas une p\\u00e2te sans cuisson pour la vaisselle, la flamme ou l\\u2019exposition au gel.\":\"This guide does not approve unfired clay for dinnerware, direct flame or exposure to frost.\",\"P\\u00e2te con\\u00e7ue pour cet usage pr\\u00e9cis\":\"A clay body designed for this specific use\",\"Un plat \\u00e0 four, un r\\u00e9cipient sur flamme et une pi\\u00e8ce d\\u00e9corative n\\u2019exigent pas les m\\u00eames propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9s. Choisissez une p\\u00e2te et un \\u00e9mail document\\u00e9s pour l\\u2019usage pr\\u00e9vu et faites valider le couple ; le seul mot \\u00ab gr\\u00e8s \\u00bb ne suffit pas.\":\"An oven dish, a vessel used over a flame and a decorative piece do not require the same properties. Choose a documented clay body and glaze for the intended use and have the combination assessed; the word \\u201cstoneware\\u201d alone is not enough.\",\"Une fa\\u00efence adapt\\u00e9e \\u00e0 votre cuisson\":\"An earthenware body suited to your firing\",\"Recherchez une p\\u00e2te dont la plage fabricant couvre la cuisson disponible et un \\u00e9mail compatible. Une p\\u00e2te haute temp\\u00e9rature cuite trop bas n\\u2019acquiert pas les propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9s annonc\\u00e9es \\u00e0 maturit\\u00e9.\":\"Look for a clay body whose manufacturer\\u2019s range covers the available firing, and a compatible glaze. A high-temperature clay fired too low does not acquire the properties stated for maturity.\",\"La translucidit\\u00e9 recherch\\u00e9e peut n\\u00e9cessiter une autre p\\u00e2te et une autre cuisson. Ne choisissez pas une porcelaine haute temp\\u00e9rature sur le seul crit\\u00e8re du rendu.\":\"The translucency you want may require a different clay and firing. Do not choose a high-temperature porcelain on appearance alone.\",\"Une porcelaine \\u00e0 la bonne temp\\u00e9rature\":\"A porcelain at the right temperature\",\"Il existe des porcelaines \\u00e0 diff\\u00e9rentes temp\\u00e9ratures, y compris autour du c\\u00f4ne 6. Choisissez la r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence sur sa fiche technique, pas sur une temp\\u00e9rature suppos\\u00e9e universelle.\":\"Porcelains are available for different temperatures, including around cone 6. Choose the specific product using its technical data sheet, not an assumed universal temperature.\",\"Commencez par un petit essai pour observer le comportement de cette p\\u00e2te au fa\\u00e7onnage et au s\\u00e9chage.\":\"Start with a small test to observe how this clay body behaves during forming and drying.\",\"Un gr\\u00e8s chamott\\u00e9 adapt\\u00e9\":\"A suitable grogged stoneware body\",\"Un gr\\u00e8s adapt\\u00e9 \\u00e0 votre cuisson\":\"A stoneware body suited to your firing\",\"Choisissez la granulom\\u00e9trie, la couleur et la plage de cuisson de la r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence en fonction du projet. Les propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9s peuvent diff\\u00e9rer fortement entre deux gr\\u00e8s.\":\"Choose the product\\u2019s particle size, colour and firing range to suit the project. Properties can differ greatly between two stoneware bodies.\",\"Pour le coulage, choisissez une barbotine ou une p\\u00e2te formul\\u00e9e pour le coulage. Une p\\u00e2te de modelage simplement d\\u00e9lay\\u00e9e n\\u2019est pas une \\u00e9quivalence garantie.\":\"For slip casting, choose a slip or clay body formulated for casting. Simply diluting a handbuilding clay is not guaranteed to produce an equivalent.\",\"Pour de grands volumes, examinez les p\\u00e2tes chamott\\u00e9es propos\\u00e9es pour la sculpture et leur comportement document\\u00e9 au s\\u00e9chage. Le taux et la taille des grains comptent.\":\"For large forms, consider grogged bodies intended for sculpture and their documented drying behaviour. Grog content and particle size matter.\",\"L\\u2019usage alimentaire d\\u00e9pend de l\\u2019ensemble p\\u00e2te, \\u00e9mail, d\\u00e9cor, cuisson et \\u00e9tat de surface. Cet outil ne certifie pas une pi\\u00e8ce.\":\"Suitability for food use depends on the clay body, glaze, decoration, firing and surface condition together. This tool does not certify a piece.\",\"Pour le gel, v\\u00e9rifiez l\\u2019absorption d\\u2019eau et l\\u2019aptitude ext\\u00e9rieure de la r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence cuite. Une temp\\u00e9rature \\u00e9lev\\u00e9e ou un \\u00e9mail ne garantit pas \\u00e0 lui seul la r\\u00e9sistance au gel.\":\"For frost, check the fired product\\u2019s water absorption and suitability for outdoor use. A high temperature or a glaze alone does not guarantee frost resistance.\",\"Famille ou d\\u00e9marche \\u00e0 explorer\":\"Clay family or approach to explore\",\"\\u00c0 relever sur la fiche de votre p\\u00e2te\":\"What to check on your clay\\u2019s data sheet\",\"Pourquoi\":\"Why\",\"Plage et atmosph\\u00e8re de cuisson\":\"Firing range and atmosphere\",\"Compatibilit\\u00e9 avec l\\u2019atelier et le four\":\"Compatibility with the studio and kiln\",\"Retrait, temp\\u00e9rature et m\\u00e9thode de mesure\":\"Shrinkage, temperature and measurement method\",\"Pr\\u00e9parer les dimensions\":\"Plan the dimensions\",\"Absorption apr\\u00e8s cuisson et usage pr\\u00e9vu\":\"Absorption after firing and intended use\",\"V\\u00e9rifier la pi\\u00e8ce finie\":\"Check the finished piece\",\"Technique, chamotte et granulom\\u00e9trie\":\"Technique, grog and particle size\",\"Choisir le comportement au fa\\u00e7onnage\":\"Choose the forming behaviour\",\"L\\u2019outil applique d\\u2019abord les contraintes de cuisson et d\\u2019usage, puis propose une famille \\u00e0 explorer. Il n\\u2019attribue pas de score artificiel capable de compenser une incompatibilit\\u00e9 de temp\\u00e9rature.\":\"The tool first applies the firing and use constraints, then suggests a clay family to explore. It does not assign an artificial score that can offset an incompatible firing temperature.\",\"Il s\\u2019agit d\\u2019une orientation \\u00e9ditoriale : la fiche de la r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence exacte, les essais et les conditions de l\\u2019atelier d\\u00e9cident du choix final. Aucun retrait moyen ni aptitude alimentaire ne sont d\\u00e9duits automatiquement d\\u2019une famille.\":\"This is editorial guidance: the specific product\\u2019s data sheet, tests and studio conditions determine the final choice. No average shrinkage or food-use suitability is automatically inferred from a clay family.\",\"SIO-2 \\u2014 caract\\u00e9ristiques des gr\\u00e8s chamott\\u00e9s\":\"SIO-2 \\u2014 grogged stoneware characteristics\",\"Plainsman \\u2014 porcelaine Polar Ice au c\\u00f4ne 6 (PDF)\":\"Plainsman \\u2014 Polar Ice porcelain at cone 6 (PDF)\",\"AMACO \\u2014 projet avec p\\u00e2te autodurcissante, usage d\\u00e9coratif (PDF)\":\"AMACO \\u2014 air-drying clay project, decorative use (PDF)\",\"Fissure au s\\u00e9chage\":\"Cracking during drying\",\"\\u00c9cart d\\u2019\\u00e9paisseur ou de s\\u00e9chage entre les zones.\":\"Differences in thickness or drying between areas.\",\"Assemblage de parties \\u00e0 des humidit\\u00e9s diff\\u00e9rentes, ou retrait contraint par un support.\":\"Joining parts with different moisture contents, or shrinkage restrained by a support.\",\"Comparer deux petites pi\\u00e8ces : une avec \\u00e9paisseur et humidit\\u00e9 homog\\u00e8nes, l\\u2019autre avec votre m\\u00e9thode habituelle. S\\u00e9cher progressivement, en \\u00e9vitant un bord expos\\u00e9 \\u00e0 un courant d\\u2019air.\":\"Compare two small pieces: one with uniform thickness and moisture, the other made by your usual method. Dry gradually, avoiding an edge exposed to a draught.\",\"Une fissure s\\u00e8che peut r\\u00e9appara\\u00eetre apr\\u00e8s r\\u00e9paration. Testez la r\\u00e9paration sur une pi\\u00e8ce t\\u00e9moin avant d\\u2019y consacrer toute une s\\u00e9rie.\":\"A dry crack can reappear after repair. Test the repair on a trial piece before applying it to a whole batch.\",\"D\\u00e9formation au s\\u00e9chage\":\"Warping during drying\",\"S\\u00e9chage plus rapide d\\u2019une face ou d\\u2019un bord.\":\"One face or edge drying faster.\",\"Contraintes de fa\\u00e7onnage, manipulation ou support qui freine le retrait.\":\"Forming stresses, handling or a support that restricts shrinkage.\",\"Uniformiser l\\u2019\\u00e9paisseur et l\\u2019exposition des faces ; comparer des supports permettant le retrait. Noter \\u00e0 quel stade la d\\u00e9formation appara\\u00eet.\":\"Make thickness and exposure of the faces uniform; compare supports that allow shrinkage. Note the stage at which warping appears.\",\"Une correction \\u00e0 sec risque de casser la pi\\u00e8ce. \\u00c9valuez une reprise au stade encore plastique sur un essai s\\u00e9par\\u00e9.\":\"Correcting the shape when dry may break the piece. Assess adjustment while still plastic on a separate test.\",\"Anse ou ajout qui se d\\u00e9tache\":\"A handle or attachment coming off\",\"Humidit\\u00e9 diff\\u00e9rente entre les \\u00e9l\\u00e9ments et retrait diff\\u00e9rentiel.\":\"Different moisture contents between the parts and differential shrinkage.\",\"Jonction trop faible, surfaces mal pr\\u00e9par\\u00e9es ou ajout trop lourd.\":\"A weak join, poorly prepared surfaces or an attachment that is too heavy.\",\"Assembler des \\u00e9l\\u00e9ments \\u00e0 un stade d\\u2019humidit\\u00e9 proche avec la m\\u00e9thode pr\\u00e9vue pour votre p\\u00e2te ; ralentir et homog\\u00e9n\\u00e9iser le s\\u00e9chage de la jonction.\":\"Join parts at similar moisture levels using the method appropriate to your clay body; slow down and even out drying at the join.\",\"Une r\\u00e9paration visuellement ferm\\u00e9e n\\u2019atteste pas la r\\u00e9sistance de la jonction.\":\"A repair that looks closed does not demonstrate the strength of the join.\",\"\\u00c9clatement pendant la cuisson\":\"Bursting during firing\",\"Humidit\\u00e9 r\\u00e9siduelle et \\u00e9vacuation de vapeur insuffisante, surtout en d\\u00e9but de cuisson.\":\"Residual moisture and insufficient steam release, especially early in the firing.\",\"\\u00c9cart thermique, \\u00e9paisseur ou d\\u00e9faut de mati\\u00e8re : l\\u2019aspect des fragments et le journal de cuisson aident \\u00e0 distinguer les pistes.\":\"Temperature differences, thickness or a material defect: the fragments\\u2019 appearance and the firing log help distinguish possible causes.\",\"Contr\\u00f4ler le s\\u00e9chage \\u00e0 c\\u0153ur, les \\u00e9paisseurs et le programme adapt\\u00e9 par le fabricant. Refaire un essai limit\\u00e9 avec un journal de cuisson.\":\"Check that the piece is dry throughout, check thicknesses and the programme recommended by the manufacturer. Repeat a limited test with a firing log.\",\"Conserver des photos et la courbe r\\u00e9elle. Nettoyer et v\\u00e9rifier le four froid selon sa notice avant la cuisson suivante.\":\"Keep photographs and the actual firing curve. Clean and check the cold kiln according to its instructions before the next firing.\",\"Gonflement ou boursouflures du tesson\":\"Swelling or bloating of the fired body\",\"Travail thermique trop \\u00e9lev\\u00e9 pour la p\\u00e2te.\":\"Too much heatwork for the clay body.\",\"D\\u00e9gagement de gaz pi\\u00e9g\\u00e9 dans un tesson en cours de vitrification ; mati\\u00e8re et atmosph\\u00e8re influencent le ph\\u00e9nom\\u00e8ne.\":\"Released gas trapped in a vitrifying body; material and atmosphere affect the process.\",\"Contr\\u00f4ler la r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence de p\\u00e2te et les c\\u00f4nes t\\u00e9moins, puis tester de petites \\u00e9prouvettes dans sa plage document\\u00e9e.\":\"Check the clay body reference and witness cones, then test small samples within its documented range.\",\"La surcuisson et le gonflement ne sont pas corrig\\u00e9s par une nouvelle cuisson plus chaude.\":\"Overfiring and bloating are not corrected by firing again to a higher temperature.\",\"F\\u00ealure apr\\u00e8s cuisson\":\"Cracking after firing\",\"Fissure de s\\u00e9chage r\\u00e9v\\u00e9l\\u00e9e \\u00e0 la cuisson.\":\"A drying crack revealed during firing.\",\"Contraintes thermiques pendant la mont\\u00e9e ou le refroidissement ; g\\u00e9om\\u00e9trie et support peuvent contribuer.\":\"Thermal stresses during heating or cooling; geometry and support may contribute.\",\"Examiner la cassure et le stade d\\u2019apparition, comparer un t\\u00e9moin de m\\u00eame terre, et v\\u00e9rifier le cycle avec l\\u2019atelier.\":\"Examine the fracture and when it appeared, compare a test piece of the same clay, and check the cycle with the studio.\",\"\\u00c9carter la pi\\u00e8ce d\\u2019un usage o\\u00f9 une rupture poserait probl\\u00e8me.\":\"Exclude the piece from uses where breakage would be a problem.\",\"Tressaillage de l\\u2019\\u00e9mail\":\"Glaze crazing\",\"L\\u2019\\u00e9mail est en tension par rapport au tesson apr\\u00e8s refroidissement.\":\"The glaze is in tension relative to the fired body after cooling.\",\"Le couple p\\u00e2te\\u2013\\u00e9mail, la cuisson et parfois l\\u2019\\u00e9volution du tesson \\u00e0 l\\u2019humidit\\u00e9 sont \\u00e0 examiner.\":\"Examine the clay\\u2013glaze combination, firing and sometimes changes in the fired body due to moisture.\",\"Tester un autre couple document\\u00e9 ou une s\\u00e9rie d\\u2019essais guid\\u00e9e par la chimie de l\\u2019\\u00e9mail. Ne pas appliquer un ajout universel de silice \\u00e0 toute recette.\":\"Test another documented combination or a series of trials guided by glaze chemistry. Do not apply a universal silica addition to every recipe.\",\"Une recuisson peut masquer temporairement le r\\u00e9seau sans r\\u00e9soudre l\\u2019incompatibilit\\u00e9. Pour la vaisselle, r\\u00e9\\u00e9valuer l\\u2019aptitude de l\\u2019ensemble avant usage.\":\"Refiring may temporarily conceal the crack network without resolving the incompatibility. For dinnerware, reassess the suitability of the whole combination before use.\",\"\\u00c9caillage de l\\u2019\\u00e9mail\":\"Glaze shivering\",\"Compression excessive de l\\u2019\\u00e9mail par le tesson.\":\"Excessive compression of the glaze by the fired body.\",\"Les ar\\u00eates et les bords peuvent concentrer les contraintes, mais l\\u2019apparence seule ne suffit pas \\u00e0 caract\\u00e9riser le couple.\":\"Edges and rims can concentrate stresses, but appearance alone is not enough to characterise the clay\\u2013glaze combination.\",\"Faire \\u00e9valuer l\\u2019accord p\\u00e2te\\u2013\\u00e9mail et v\\u00e9rifier avec une s\\u00e9rie d\\u2019essais. Une modification de recette demande de pr\\u00e9server la fusion et les propri\\u00e9t\\u00e9s du rev\\u00eatement.\":\"Have the clay\\u2013glaze fit assessed and check it with a series of tests. A recipe change must preserve melting behaviour and the properties of the coating.\",\"Retirer la pi\\u00e8ce de l\\u2019usage : des \\u00e9clats coupants peuvent encore se d\\u00e9tacher.\":\"Remove the piece from use: sharp flakes may still detach.\",\"Piq\\u00fbres, crat\\u00e8res ou bulles d\\u2019\\u00e9mail\":\"Glaze pinholes, craters or bubbles\",\"Gaz qui traversent l\\u2019\\u00e9mail, couche ou fusion qui ne permet pas leur cicatrisation.\":\"Gas passing through the glaze, with a layer or melt that does not allow the holes to heal.\",\"Application, biscuit, p\\u00e2te, recette et cycle peuvent contribuer ; toutes les piq\\u00fbres ne viennent pas d\\u2019une m\\u00eame cause.\":\"Application, biscuit ware, clay body, recipe and cycle can all contribute; not all pinholes have the same cause.\",\"Comparer des \\u00e9paisseurs d\\u2019application contr\\u00f4l\\u00e9es et examiner le biscuit. Tester une seule variation de cycle \\u00e0 la fois dans les plages des mat\\u00e9riaux.\":\"Compare controlled application thicknesses and examine the biscuit ware. Test one cycle change at a time within the materials\\u2019 ranges.\",\"Une recuisson n\\u2019est pas garantie et peut aggraver d\\u2019autres d\\u00e9fauts. Tester sur une pi\\u00e8ce t\\u00e9moin avant une s\\u00e9rie.\":\"Refiring is not guaranteed to work and can worsen other defects. Test on a trial piece before treating a whole batch.\",\"\\u00c9mail r\\u00e9tract\\u00e9 en \\u00eelots\":\"Glaze crawling into islands\",\"La couche s\\u00e8che se fissure ou adh\\u00e8re insuffisamment avant cuisson.\":\"The dry layer cracks or has insufficient adhesion before firing.\",\"\\u00c9paisseur, retrait de la suspension et \\u00e9tat du biscuit sont \\u00e0 examiner ensemble.\":\"Thickness, suspension shrinkage and the condition of the biscuit ware must be considered together.\",\"Observer la couche s\\u00e8che avant d\\u2019enfourner. Comparer une couche moins \\u00e9paisse et une application sur biscuit correctement pr\\u00e9par\\u00e9, sans modifier plusieurs variables \\u00e0 la fois.\":\"Observe the dry layer before loading the kiln. Compare a thinner coat and application to properly prepared biscuit ware, without changing several variables at once.\",\"Le r\\u00e9\\u00e9maillage et la recuisson ne garantissent pas une surface continue.\":\"Reglazing and refiring do not guarantee a continuous surface.\",\"\\u00c9mail qui coule\":\"Running glaze\",\"Fusion trop fluide dans ce cycle ou superposition d\\u2019\\u00e9maux.\":\"The melt is too fluid for this cycle, or glazes are layered.\",\"Couche trop \\u00e9paisse ou absence de retrait suffisant autour du pied.\":\"The coat is too thick or insufficient glaze clearance has been left around the foot.\",\"Comparer des \\u00e9prouvettes verticales sur supports de protection, dans la plage annonc\\u00e9e. Mesurer l\\u2019application et observer les c\\u00f4nes t\\u00e9moins.\":\"Compare vertical test pieces on protective supports within the stated range. Measure application and observe witness cones.\",\"Ne pas forcer une pi\\u00e8ce coll\\u00e9e. Examiner le support froid et les consignes de l\\u2019atelier.\":\"Do not force a stuck piece free. Examine the cold support and the studio\\u2019s instructions.\",\"Brillance diff\\u00e9rente de celle attendue\":\"Gloss different from what was expected\",\"Fusion insuffisante, couche diff\\u00e9rente ou interaction avec la p\\u00e2te.\":\"Insufficient melting, a different coat thickness or interaction with the clay body.\",\"Cristallisation li\\u00e9e au refroidissement ou variation de recette. Une surface mate peut aussi \\u00eatre intentionnelle.\":\"Crystallisation during cooling or a recipe variation. A matt surface can also be intentional.\",\"Comparer votre t\\u00e9moin de r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence avec les c\\u00f4nes, la couche et le refroidissement r\\u00e9els. Changer un param\\u00e8tre \\u00e0 la fois.\":\"Compare your reference sample with the actual cones, coat thickness and cooling. Change one parameter at a time.\",\"L\\u2019aspect mat seul ne prouve ni sous-cuisson ni aptitude alimentaire.\":\"A matt appearance alone proves neither underfiring nor suitability for food use.\",\"Diagnostic : pourquoi ma pi\\u00e8ce a rat\\u00e9\":\"Troubleshooting: why my piece went wrong\",\"Identifiez les causes \\u00e0 examiner et pr\\u00e9parez un essai cibl\\u00e9, selon le d\\u00e9faut observ\\u00e9.\":\"Identify possible causes to examine and prepare a focused test based on the observed defect.\",\"\\u00c0 quel moment ?\":\"At what stage?\",\"Avant cuisson, pendant le s\\u00e9chage\":\"Before firing, during drying\",\"Apr\\u00e8s la premi\\u00e8re cuisson\":\"After the first firing\",\"Apr\\u00e8s la cuisson d\\u2019\\u00e9mail\":\"After the glaze firing\",\"D\\u00e9faut observ\\u00e9\":\"Observed defect\",\"d\\u00e9faut\":\"defect\",\"Pistes \\u00e0 examiner\":\"Possible causes to examine\",\"\\u00c9tape\":\"Stage\",\"Action\":\"Action\",\"Pour cette pi\\u00e8ce\":\"For this piece\",\"Essai suivant\":\"Next test\",\"\\u00c0 noter\":\"What to record\",\"R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rence de terre et d\\u2019\\u00e9mail, application, s\\u00e9chage, cycle r\\u00e9el, c\\u00f4nes t\\u00e9moins et photos.\":\"Clay and glaze references, application, drying, actual firing cycle, witness cones and photographs.\",\"Ces pistes ne constituent pas un diagnostic certain et ne sont pas class\\u00e9es par une fr\\u00e9quence statistique. Aucun programme universel ni pourcentage de correction n\\u2019est d\\u00e9duit de l\\u2019apparence seule.\":\"These possibilities are not a definitive diagnosis and are not ranked by statistical frequency. No universal programme or correction percentage is inferred from appearance alone.\",\"Le stade et le sympt\\u00f4me s\\u00e9lectionnent une fiche de pistes, pas une probabilit\\u00e9 calcul\\u00e9e. Plusieurs m\\u00e9canismes peuvent produire le m\\u00eame aspect.\":\"The stage and symptom select a list of possible causes, not a calculated probability. Several mechanisms can produce the same appearance.\",\"Un essai utile ne change qu\\u2019une variable \\u00e0 la fois et garde un t\\u00e9moin. Les consignes de la p\\u00e2te, de l\\u2019\\u00e9mail et du four restent n\\u00e9cessaires ; un programme propos\\u00e9 pour un autre atelier ne peut pas \\u00eatre transf\\u00e9r\\u00e9 automatiquement.\":\"A useful test changes only one variable at a time and retains a control sample. The clay, glaze and kiln instructions are still needed; a programme suggested for another studio cannot automatically be transferred.\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 fissures de s\\u00e9chage\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 drying cracks\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 tressaillage\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 crazing\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 \\u00e9caillage\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 shivering\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 retrait d\\u2019\\u00e9mail en \\u00eelots\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 glaze crawling\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 piq\\u00fbres\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 pinholing\",\"Renseignez \\u00ab {0} \\u00bb avec un nombre.\":\"Enter a number for \\u201c{0}\\u201d.\",\"\\u00ab {0} \\u00bb est trop petit pour la pr\\u00e9cision de cet outil (minimum : 0,000001).\":\"\\u201c{0}\\u201d is too small for this tool\\u2019s precision (minimum: 0.000001).\",\"Choisissez une valeur propos\\u00e9e pour \\u00ab {0} \\u00bb.\":\"Choose one of the available values for \\u201c{0}\\u201d.\",\"Forme\":\"Shape\",\"\\u00c9tat des dimensions\":\"State of the dimensions\",\"Retrait lin\\u00e9aire total\":\"Total linear shrinkage\",\"\\u00c9paisseur\":\"Thickness\",\"Estimation g\\u00e9om\\u00e9trique : les anses, pieds rapport\\u00e9s, reliefs et renforts ne sont pas inclus. La r\\u00e9serve est une quantit\\u00e9 suppl\\u00e9mentaire \\u00e0 pr\\u00e9parer, pas un taux de perte d\\u00e9finitive.\":\"Geometric estimate: handles, added feet, relief decoration and reinforcements are not included. The reserve is an extra quantity to prepare, not a permanent loss rate.\",\"Largeur\":\"Width\",\"Longueur\":\"Length\",\"Diam\\u00e8tre ext\\u00e9rieur au bord\":\"External diameter at the rim\",\"Hauteur ext\\u00e9rieure\":\"External height\",\"Le mod\\u00e8le de bol arrondi couvre une calotte ouverte, de hauteur au plus \\u00e9gale au rayon au bord. Choisissez un c\\u00f4ne tronqu\\u00e9 pour une autre silhouette.\":\"The rounded bowl model represents an open spherical cap, with a height no greater than the radius at the rim. Choose a truncated cone for another profile.\",\"L\\u2019\\u00e9paisseur doit laisser une cavit\\u00e9 dans le bol.\":\"The thickness must leave a cavity in the bowl.\",\"Bol arrondi : deux calottes sph\\u00e9riques concentriques, paroi et fond de m\\u00eame \\u00e9paisseur, bord coup\\u00e9 dans un plan. Une forme tourn\\u00e9e r\\u00e9elle peut s\\u2019en \\u00e9carter.\":\"Rounded bowl: two concentric spherical caps, with equal wall and base thickness, and a rim cut in a plane. An actual thrown shape may differ.\",\"\\u00c9paisseur du fond\":\"Base thickness\",\"La paroi et le fond doivent laisser un diam\\u00e8tre int\\u00e9rieur et une profondeur strictement positifs.\":\"The wall and base must leave a strictly positive internal diameter and depth.\",\"Diam\\u00e8tre ext\\u00e9rieur au fond\":\"External diameter at the base\",\"Le diam\\u00e8tre au fond et les \\u00e9paisseurs ne laissent pas de cavit\\u00e9 : v\\u00e9rifiez les dimensions.\":\"The base diameter and thicknesses leave no cavity: check the dimensions.\",\"C\\u00f4ne tronqu\\u00e9 : l\\u2019\\u00e9paisseur de paroi est mesur\\u00e9e horizontalement, dans le sens du rayon. Elle diff\\u00e8re d\\u2019une \\u00e9paisseur mesur\\u00e9e perpendiculairement \\u00e0 une paroi tr\\u00e8s inclin\\u00e9e.\":\"Truncated cone: wall thickness is measured horizontally, in the radial direction. It differs from a thickness measured perpendicular to a steeply sloping wall.\",\"Masse volumique de la terre humide\":\"Wet clay density\",\"R\\u00e9serve suppl\\u00e9mentaire\":\"Extra reserve\",\"Terre humide \\u00e0 pr\\u00e9parer par pi\\u00e8ce\":\"Wet clay to prepare per piece\",\"Terre humide dans la forme\":\"Wet clay in the shape\",\"Volume de terre humide\":\"Wet clay volume\",\"Pour {0} pi\\u00e8ce{1}\":\"For {0} piece{1}\",\"Toutes les cotes saisies, y compris les \\u00e9paisseurs, sont consid\\u00e9r\\u00e9es apr\\u00e8s cuisson. Elles sont divis\\u00e9es par {0} ; le volume est divis\\u00e9 par {1}.\":\"All entered dimensions, including thicknesses, are treated as fired dimensions. They are divided by {0}; the volume is divided by {1}.\",\"Les dimensions saisies sont celles de la terre humide. Aucun retrait n\\u2019est ajout\\u00e9.\":\"The entered dimensions are those of the wet clay. No shrinkage is added.\",\"Mesurez la masse volumique sur un \\u00e9chantillon de votre terre au m\\u00eame \\u00e9tat d\\u2019humidit\\u00e9. La valeur pr\\u00e9remplie est un exemple.\":\"Measure density on a sample of your clay at the same moisture level. The prefilled value is an example.\",\"Forme int\\u00e9rieure\":\"Internal shape\",\"Diam\\u00e8tre int\\u00e9rieur au bord\":\"Internal diameter at the rim\",\"Profondeur int\\u00e9rieure\":\"Internal depth\",\"Marge sous le bord\":\"Clearance below the rim\",\"Mesurez l\\u2019int\\u00e9rieur de la pi\\u00e8ce cuite : le calcul ne soustrait aucune \\u00e9paisseur et n\\u2019ajoute aucun retrait. V\\u00e9rifiez une pi\\u00e8ce r\\u00e9elle avec un volume d\\u2019eau mesur\\u00e9.\":\"Measure the inside of the fired piece: the calculation does not subtract any thickness or add any shrinkage. Check an actual piece with a measured volume of water.\",\"Diam\\u00e8tre int\\u00e9rieur au fond\":\"Internal diameter at the base\",\"Cette calotte d\\u00e9passe la demi-sph\\u00e8re : la forme se referme vers le bord. V\\u00e9rifiez que cela correspond \\u00e0 votre pi\\u00e8ce.\":\"This spherical cap exceeds a hemisphere: the shape closes in towards the rim. Check that this matches your piece.\",\"Contenance d\\u2019usage\":\"Usable capacity\",\"\\u00c0 ras bord\":\"Brimful capacity\",\"Le niveau d\\u2019usage se situe {0} cm sous le bord. Le volume est recalcul\\u00e9 \\u00e0 cette hauteur dans la forme choisie.\":\"The usable fill level is {0} cm below the rim. The volume is recalculated at this height in the chosen shape.\",\"Masse du r\\u00e9cipient vide\":\"Mass of the empty container\",\"Masse du r\\u00e9cipient plein\":\"Mass of the full container\",\"La masse du r\\u00e9cipient plein doit d\\u00e9passer celle du r\\u00e9cipient vide.\":\"The mass of the full container must exceed that of the empty container.\",\"Volume pr\\u00e9lev\\u00e9\":\"Sample volume\",\"La masse volumique d\\u00e9passe 5 g\\\/ml : v\\u00e9rifiez la tare, le volume et les unit\\u00e9s.\":\"Density exceeds 5 g\\\/ml: check the tare, volume and units.\",\"Op\\u00e9ration\":\"Operation\",\"Masse volumique mesur\\u00e9e\":\"Measured density\",\"Masse nette pr\\u00e9lev\\u00e9e\":\"Net sample mass\",\"Densit\\u00e9 relative approch\\u00e9e\":\"Approximate specific gravity\",\"Homog\\u00e9n\\u00e9isez le m\\u00e9lange puis mesurez un volume sans bulles. La densit\\u00e9 relative est ici approch\\u00e9e en prenant la masse volumique de l\\u2019eau \\u00e9gale \\u00e0 1 g\\\/ml.\":\"Mix thoroughly, then measure a volume without bubbles. Specific gravity is approximated here by taking the density of water as 1 g\\\/ml.\",\"La densit\\u00e9 ne mesure pas la viscosit\\u00e9. Utilisez la cible du fabricant ou celle de vos essais, sans plage universelle impos\\u00e9e.\":\"Density does not measure viscosity. Use your manufacturer\\u2019s target or one established by your tests, with no universal range imposed.\",\"Type de pr\\u00e9paration\":\"Type of mixture\",\"Pour une barbotine de coulage, r\\u00e9glez ensemble teneur en eau, masse volumique et d\\u00e9floculation selon la fiche de pr\\u00e9paration. Cet outil ne prescrit pas de correction du bain \\u00e0 partir de la seule densit\\u00e9.\":\"For casting slip, adjust water content, density and deflocculation together according to the preparation instructions. This tool does not prescribe a batch correction based on density alone.\",\"Masse volumique vis\\u00e9e\":\"Target density\",\"Pour ce calcul de dilution \\u00e0 l\\u2019eau, la masse volumique vis\\u00e9e doit d\\u00e9passer 1 g\\\/ml.\":\"For this water-dilution calculation, the target density must exceed 1 g\\\/ml.\",\"Volume actuel du seau\":\"Current bucket volume\",\"La cible est plus \\u00e9lev\\u00e9e que la valeur mesur\\u00e9e. Un ajout d\\u2019eau ne peut pas l\\u2019atteindre ; aucun volume n\\u00e9gatif d\\u2019eau n\\u2019est propos\\u00e9.\":\"The target is higher than the measured value. Adding water cannot achieve it; no negative volume of water is suggested.\",\"Eau th\\u00e9orique \\u00e0 ajouter\":\"Theoretical water addition\",\"Volume final th\\u00e9orique\":\"Theoretical final volume\",\"Estimation par conservation de masse avec volumes additifs. V\\u00e9rifiez sur un petit pr\\u00e9l\\u00e8vement, ajoutez progressivement, m\\u00e9langez et remesurez avant de traiter tout le seau.\":\"An estimate based on conservation of mass and additive volumes. Check on a small sample, add gradually, mix and measure again before treating the whole bucket.\",\"{0} : utilisez un nombre positif, avec une virgule ou un point d\\u00e9cimal.\":\"{0}: use a positive number, with a decimal comma or point.\",\"Recette\":\"Recipe\",\"{0} : texte absent ou trop long.\":\"{0}: text is missing or too long.\",\"{0} : ajoutez au moins une mati\\u00e8re.\":\"{0}: add at least one material.\",\"{0} : limitez la liste \\u00e0 30 mati\\u00e8res.\":\"{0}: limit the list to 30 materials.\",\"{0}, ligne {1} : format attendu \\u00ab Mati\\u00e8re ; quantit\\u00e9 \\u00bb.\":\"{0}, line {1}: expected format \\u201cMaterial ; quantity\\u201d.\",\"{0}, ligne {1} : nom trop long (80 caract\\u00e8res maximum).\":\"{0}, line {1}: name too long (80 characters maximum).\",\"NFKC\":\"NFKC\",\"{0} : \\u00ab {1} \\u00bb appara\\u00eet plusieurs fois. Regroupez ses quantit\\u00e9s.\":\"{0}: \\u201c{1}\\u201d appears more than once. Combine its quantities.\",\"{0} : au moins une quantit\\u00e9 doit d\\u00e9passer z\\u00e9ro.\":\"{0}: at least one quantity must exceed zero.\",\"Base\":\"Base\",\"Additifs\":\"Additives\",\"Masse souhait\\u00e9e\":\"Desired mass\",\"Les additifs d\\u00e9passent 100 % de la base. V\\u00e9rifiez que les composants de base sont dans la premi\\u00e8re liste.\":\"Additives exceed 100 % of the base. Check that the base ingredients are in the first list.\",\"Additif\":\"Additive\",\"Masse s\\u00e8che totale \\u00e0 peser\":\"Total dry mass to weigh\",\"Base normalis\\u00e9e\":\"Normalised base\",\"Additifs en plus\":\"Additional additives\",\"Somme initiale des parts de base\":\"Original total of base parts\",\"Mati\\u00e8re\":\"Material\",\"R\\u00f4le\":\"Role\",\"Proportion\":\"Proportion\",\"\\u00c0 peser\":\"To weigh\",\"Les proportions de la base sont ramen\\u00e9es \\u00e0 100 %. Les additifs restent calcul\\u00e9s en pourcentage de cette base, jamais absorb\\u00e9s dans sa normalisation.\":\"Base proportions are normalised to 100 %. Additives remain calculated as a percentage of this base and are never absorbed into its normalisation.\",\"Les valeurs affich\\u00e9es sont arrondies apr\\u00e8s le calcul ; adaptez la pr\\u00e9cision de pes\\u00e9e \\u00e0 votre balance. L\\u2019eau de pr\\u00e9paration est exclue.\":\"Displayed values are rounded after calculation; adapt weighing precision to your scales. Mixing water is excluded.\",\"L\\u2019exemple avec mati\\u00e8res A, B et C illustre seulement le calcul : ce n\\u2019est pas une recette \\u00e0 cuire. Respectez les fiches de s\\u00e9curit\\u00e9 des mati\\u00e8res lors de la pes\\u00e9e. Une mise \\u00e0 l\\u2019\\u00e9chelle ne valide ni la cuisson ni l\\u2019usage alimentaire.\":\"The example using materials A, B and C only illustrates the calculation: it is not a recipe to fire. Follow the materials\\u2019 safety data sheets when weighing. Scaling a recipe does not validate its firing or suitability for food use.\",\"Temp\\u00e9rature de d\\u00e9part\":\"Starting temperature\",\"Renseignez les segments de cuisson.\":\"Enter the firing segments.\",\"Saisissez entre 1 et 30 segments.\":\"Enter between 1 and 30 segments.\",\"Segment {0} : format attendu \\u00ab vitesse ; temp\\u00e9rature cible ; palier en minutes \\u00bb.\":\"Segment {0}: expected format \\u201crate ; target temperature ; hold in minutes\\u201d.\",\"Segment {0}, vitesse\":\"Segment {0}, rate\",\"Segment {0}, temp\\u00e9rature\":\"Segment {0}, temperature\",\"Segment {0}, palier\":\"Segment {0}, hold\",\"Vitesse\":\"Rate\",\"Temp\\u00e9rature cible\":\"Target temperature\",\"Palier\":\"Hold\",\"Segment {0} : une mont\\u00e9e ou une descente n\\u00e9cessite une vitesse sup\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0 z\\u00e9ro.\":\"Segment {0}: a heating or cooling ramp requires a rate greater than zero.\",\"Segment {0} : la vitesse est trop faible pour cet outil (minimum : 0,01 \\u00b0C\\\/h).\":\"Segment {0}: the rate is too low for this tool (minimum: 0.01 \\u00b0C\\\/h).\",\"Mont\\u00e9e\":\"Heating\",\"Descente pilot\\u00e9e\":\"Controlled cooling\",\"Palier seul\":\"Hold only\",\"Dur\\u00e9e th\\u00e9orique des segments saisis\":\"Theoretical duration of the entered segments\",\"Mont\\u00e9es\":\"Heating ramps\",\"Descentes pilot\\u00e9es\":\"Controlled cooling ramps\",\"Paliers\":\"Holds\",\"Temp\\u00e9rature maximale\":\"Maximum temperature\",\"Temp\\u00e9rature finale\":\"Final temperature\",\"Phase\":\"Phase\",\"Temp\\u00e9ratures\":\"Temperatures\",\"Le calcul utilise la valeur absolue de l\\u2019\\u00e9cart de temp\\u00e9rature : les descentes sont incluses si vous les avez saisies. Le refroidissement libre apr\\u00e8s le dernier segment n\\u2019est pas calculable avec ces seules donn\\u00e9es.\":\"The calculation uses the absolute temperature difference: cooling ramps are included if you entered them. Natural cooling after the last segment cannot be calculated from these data alone.\",\"Ce calcul de dur\\u00e9e ne valide pas un programme de cuisson. Adaptez les segments aux consignes du fabricant du four, de la terre et de l\\u2019\\u00e9mail. Les vitesses demand\\u00e9es peuvent d\\u00e9passer ce que le four r\\u00e9alise, particuli\\u00e8rement au refroidissement.\":\"This duration calculation does not validate a firing programme. Adapt the segments to the kiln, clay and glaze manufacturers\\u2019 instructions. Requested rates may exceed what the kiln can achieve, particularly during cooling.\",\"fl oz imp\\u00e9riale\":\"UK fl oz\",\"gallon US liquide\":\"US liquid gallon\",\"gallon imp\\u00e9rial\":\"UK gallon\",\"Grandeur\":\"Quantity type\",\"Unit\\u00e9 de d\\u00e9part\":\"From unit\",\"Unit\\u00e9 d\\u2019arriv\\u00e9e\":\"To unit\",\"Valeur\":\"Value\",\"La temp\\u00e9rature ne peut pas \\u00eatre inf\\u00e9rieure au z\\u00e9ro absolu.\":\"The temperature cannot be below absolute zero.\",\"Pour cette grandeur, renseignez une valeur positive ou nulle.\":\"For this quantity type, enter a positive value or zero.\",\"Valeur convertie\":\"Converted value\",\"Une vitesse ou un \\u00e9cart de temp\\u00e9rature se convertit sans ajouter 32. Exemple : 100 \\u00b0C\\\/h = 180 \\u00b0F\\\/h.\":\"A heating\\\/cooling rate or temperature difference is converted without adding 32. Example: 100 \\u00b0C\\\/h = 180 \\u00b0F\\\/h.\",\"Les onces de masse et les onces liquides ne sont pas interchangeables. Les volumes US et imp\\u00e9riaux sont distingu\\u00e9s.\":\"Ounces of mass and fluid ounces are not interchangeable. US and imperial volumes are distinguished.\",\"Forme de plaque\":\"Shelf shape\",\"Largeur utile\":\"Usable width\",\"Profondeur utile\":\"Usable depth\",\"Diam\\u00e8tre des pi\\u00e8ces\":\"Piece diameter\",\"Espacement\":\"Spacing\",\"Plus de 100 pi\\u00e8ces par rang\\u00e9e : utilisez une pi\\u00e8ce plus grande pour ce planificateur.\":\"More than 100 pieces per row: use a larger piece for this planner.\",\"Diam\\u00e8tre ou largeur de la plaque\":\"Shelf diameter or width\",\"Profondeur de la plaque\":\"Shelf depth\",\"Marge au bord de la plaque\":\"Shelf edge clearance\",\"Les marges absorbent toute la plaque : r\\u00e9duisez-les ou v\\u00e9rifiez les dimensions.\":\"The clearances take up the whole shelf: reduce them or check the dimensions.\",\"Hauteur des pi\\u00e8ces\":\"Piece height\",\"Diam\\u00e8tre d\\u2019encombrement\":\"Overall footprint diameter\",\"\\u00c9cart entre pi\\u00e8ces\":\"Gap between pieces\",\"Hauteur int\\u00e9rieure du four\":\"Internal kiln height\",\"\\u00c9paisseur de plaque\":\"Shelf thickness\",\"Rehausse sous la premi\\u00e8re plaque\":\"Height below the first shelf\",\"Garde sous le couvercle\":\"Clearance below the lid\",\"Garde entre pi\\u00e8ce et plaque suivante\":\"Clearance between the piece and the next shelf\",\"Quantit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 cuire\":\"Quantity to fire\",\"Co\\u00fbt par fourn\\u00e9e\":\"Cost per firing\",\"Niveaux g\\u00e9om\\u00e9triques\":\"Geometric levels\",\"Pi\\u00e8ces par niveau\":\"Pieces per level\",\"Plaques enti\\u00e8res, pi\\u00e8ces identiques repr\\u00e9sent\\u00e9es par leur cercle d\\u2019encombrement. Le calcul compare plusieurs grilles droites et en quinconce ; il ne cherche pas l\\u2019arrangement optimal.\":\"Whole shelves, with identical pieces represented by circles enclosing their footprints. The calculation compares several straight and staggered grids; it does not seek the optimal arrangement.\",\"La premi\\u00e8re plaque est compt\\u00e9e. Il y a une garde entre les niveaux et une garde distincte sous le couvercle. Les jeux pr\\u00e9remplis sont des exemples \\u00e0 remplacer par les consignes de votre four.\":\"The first shelf is counted. There is a clearance between levels and a separate clearance below the lid. The prefilled gaps are examples to replace with your kiln\\u2019s instructions.\",\"Fourn\\u00e9es pour la quantit\\u00e9 saisie\":\"Firings for the entered quantity\",\"Pi\\u00e8ces dans la derni\\u00e8re\":\"Pieces in the last firing\",\"Co\\u00fbt total de la s\\u00e9rie\":\"Total cost of the batch\",\"Co\\u00fbt moyen par pi\\u00e8ce de la s\\u00e9rie\":\"Average cost per piece in the batch\",\"Cuisson par pi\\u00e8ce \\u00e0 capacit\\u00e9 calcul\\u00e9e\":\"Firing cost per piece at the calculated capacity\",\"Capacit\\u00e9 g\\u00e9om\\u00e9trique avant emplacement des plots\":\"Geometric capacity before positioning kiln props\",\"L\\u2019emplacement des plots, le thermocouple, la circulation, les diff\\u00e9rences de taille et la charge admissible ne sont pas simul\\u00e9s. Ils peuvent r\\u00e9duire ce nombre : confirmez le rangement \\u00e0 vide et suivez le fabricant.\":\"Prop positions, the thermocouple, circulation, size differences and the permitted load are not simulated. They may reduce this number: check the arrangement in an empty kiln and follow the manufacturer\\u2019s instructions.\",\"La pi\\u00e8ce ne rentre pas dans l\\u2019espace utile ou aucun niveau ne tient en hauteur.\":\"The piece does not fit the usable space, or no level fits vertically.\",\"Mesurez le cercle qui englobe toute la pi\\u00e8ce, anses comprises, dans son \\u00e9tat au chargement. Les pi\\u00e8ces \\u00e9maill\\u00e9es doivent rester s\\u00e9par\\u00e9es. L\\u2019embo\\u00eetement et l\\u2019empilage ne sont pas compt\\u00e9s.\":\"Measure the circle enclosing the whole piece, including handles, in its state at loading. Glazed pieces must remain separate. Nesting and stacking are not included.\",\"Base d\\u2019essai\":\"Test base\",\"Num\\u00e9ro de ligne \\u00e0 faire varier\":\"Line number to vary\",\"Masse de base par essai\":\"Base mass per test\",\"Pas de variation\":\"Variation step\",\"Nombre de variantes\":\"Number of variants\",\"Variation choisie\":\"Selected variation\",\"La variante {0} rendrait n\\u00e9gative la quantit\\u00e9 de \\u00ab {1} \\u00bb. R\\u00e9duisez le pas ou le nombre de variantes.\":\"Variant {0} would make the quantity of \\u201c{1}\\u201d negative. Reduce the step or the number of variants.\",\"La variation supprimerait toute la recette.\":\"The variation would remove the entire recipe.\",\"Un r\\u00e9seau de craquelures peut traduire une tension de l\\u2019\\u00e9mail li\\u00e9e \\u00e0 un d\\u00e9saccord avec le tesson. V\\u00e9rifiez \\u00e9galement cuisson, \\u00e9paisseur et comportement diff\\u00e9r\\u00e9.\":\"A network of cracks may indicate glaze tension caused by a mismatch with the fired body. Also check firing, thickness and behaviour over time.\",\"Des \\u00e9clats aux ar\\u00eates peuvent signaler une compression excessive de l\\u2019\\u00e9mail. Mettez les pi\\u00e8ces concern\\u00e9es de c\\u00f4t\\u00e9 : des fragments peuvent se d\\u00e9tacher.\":\"Flakes at edges may indicate excessive glaze compression. Set affected pieces aside: fragments may detach.\",\"Consignez la terre, l\\u2019\\u00e9mail, l\\u2019\\u00e9paisseur, la courbe et les r\\u00e9sultats dans le temps. L\\u2019absence de d\\u00e9faut visible \\u00e0 la sortie du four ne d\\u00e9montre pas un accord durable.\":\"Record the clay, glaze, thickness, firing curve and results over time. The absence of a visible defect on unloading does not demonstrate a lasting fit.\",\"S\\u00e9rie de pes\\u00e9es\":\"Series of weighing quantities\",\"Base s\\u00e8che par essai\":\"Dry base per test\",\"Base s\\u00e8che totale\":\"Total dry base\",\"Mati\\u00e8re \\u00e9tudi\\u00e9e : {0}. Chaque variante {1} {2} parts suppl\\u00e9mentaires \\u00e0 cette ligne, apr\\u00e8s normalisation initiale de la base \\u00e0 100. L\\u2019ensemble est ensuite renormalis\\u00e9 pour peser {3} g.\":\"Material under study: {0}. Each variant {1} {2} additional parts of this material, after first normalising the base to 100. The whole recipe is then renormalised to weigh {3} g.\",\"La direction et la mati\\u00e8re sont choisies par vous : l\\u2019outil pr\\u00e9pare les pes\\u00e9es et ne d\\u00e9duit pas une correction chimique du d\\u00e9faut observ\\u00e9.\":\"You choose the direction and material: the tool prepares the weighing quantities and does not infer a chemical correction from the observed defect.\",\"T\\u00e9moin (g)\":\"Control (g)\",\"Essai {0} (g)\":\"Test {0} (g)\",\"Ajouter de la silice ou modifier un fondant peut aussi changer la fusion, la couleur et la durabilit\\u00e9. Faites valider la piste puis testez de petites quantit\\u00e9s ; aucune variante n\\u2019est garantie corrective.\":\"Adding silica or changing a flux can also alter melting behaviour, colour and durability. Have the proposed approach assessed, then test small quantities; no variant is guaranteed to correct the defect.\",\"Base seule, hors additifs. Recalculez s\\u00e9par\\u00e9ment les additifs au m\\u00eame pourcentage de base. Aucun r\\u00e9sultat ni test visuel ne certifie l\\u2019usage alimentaire.\":\"Base only, excluding additives. Recalculate additives separately at the same percentage of the base. No result or visual test certifies suitability for food use.\",\"Une mati\\u00e8re par ligne, puis un point-virgule et sa quantit\\u00e9. Exemple : Mati\\u00e8re A ; 50. Les virgules d\\u00e9cimales sont accept\\u00e9es.\":\"One material per line, followed by a semicolon and its quantity. Example: Material A ; 50. Decimal commas are accepted.\",\"Mati\\u00e8re A ; 50\\nMati\\u00e8re B ; 30\\nMati\\u00e8re C ; 20\":\"Material A ; 50\\nMaterial B ; 30\\nMaterial C ; 20\",\"Cylindre : mug ou vase droit\":\"Cylinder: straight-sided mug or vase\",\"C\\u00f4ne tronqu\\u00e9 : bol \\u00e9vas\\u00e9\":\"Truncated cone: flared bowl\",\"Bol arrondi : calotte sph\\u00e9rique\":\"Rounded bowl: spherical cap\",\"Disque plat : assiette sans rebord\":\"Flat disc: plate without a rim\",\"Plaque rectangulaire\":\"Rectangular slab\",\"Skutt \\u2014 chargement et cuisson\":\"Skutt \\u2014 loading and firing\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 masse volumique des suspensions\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 density of suspensions\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 d\\u00e9floculation\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 deflocculation\",\"De\":\"From\",\"Vers\":\"To\",\"Quel poids de terre pour cette pi\\u00e8ce ?\":\"How much clay for this piece?\",\"Pr\\u00e9parez la bonne quantit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 partir de la forme, des \\u00e9paisseurs et du retrait.\":\"Prepare the right quantity from the shape, thicknesses and shrinkage.\",\"\\u00c9tat de toutes les dimensions saisies\":\"State of all entered dimensions\",\"Pi\\u00e8ce cuite : dimensions et \\u00e9paisseurs finales\":\"Fired piece: final dimensions and thicknesses\",\"Terre humide : avant s\\u00e9chage et cuisson\":\"Wet clay: before drying and firing\",\"\\u00c9paisseur de paroi ou de plaque\":\"Wall or slab thickness\",\"M\\u00eame \\u00e9tat que les dimensions. Pour le bol arrondi, cette \\u00e9paisseur s\\u2019applique aussi au fond.\":\"In the same state as the dimensions. For the rounded bowl, this thickness also applies to the base.\",\"Retrait lin\\u00e9aire total humide \\u2192 cuit\":\"Total linear wet \\u2192 fired shrinkage\",\"Remplacez l\\u2019exemple par le retrait mesur\\u00e9 de votre terre \\u00e0 votre cuisson.\":\"Replace the example with the measured shrinkage of your clay in your firing.\",\"Masse d\\u2019un \\u00e9chantillon humide \\u00f7 son volume. La valeur 1,9 est un exemple.\":\"Mass of a wet sample \\u00f7 its volume. The value 1.9 is an example.\",\"Le volume de mati\\u00e8re est calcul\\u00e9 par diff\\u00e9rence entre le volume ext\\u00e9rieur et la cavit\\u00e9, ou par surface \\u00d7 \\u00e9paisseur pour une plaque. Les dimensions restent modifiables.\":\"Material volume is calculated as the difference between the outer volume and the cavity, or as area \\u00d7 thickness for a slab. Dimensions remain editable.\",\"Si les cotes sont celles de la pi\\u00e8ce cuite : k = 1 \\u2212 retrait\\\/100 ; volume humide = volume final \\\/ k\\u00b3. Masse humide = volume humide \\u00d7 masse volumique humide ; quantit\\u00e9 \\u00e0 pr\\u00e9parer = masse \\u00d7 (1 + r\\u00e9serve\\\/100).\":\"If the dimensions are those of the fired piece: k = 1 \\u2212 shrinkage\\\/100; wet volume = final volume \\\/ k\\u00b3. Wet mass = wet volume \\u00d7 wet density; quantity to prepare = mass \\u00d7 (1 + reserve\\\/100).\",\"Le cylindre et le c\\u00f4ne tronqu\\u00e9 incluent un fond distinct. Le bol arrondi utilise deux calottes concentriques. Ces mod\\u00e8les d\\u00e9crivent des g\\u00e9om\\u00e9tries id\\u00e9ales, sans pied rapport\\u00e9, anse ni d\\u00e9cor.\":\"The cylinder and truncated cone include a separate base. The rounded bowl uses two concentric spherical caps. These models describe ideal geometries, without an added foot, handle or decoration.\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 mesurer le retrait\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 measuring shrinkage\",\"Contenance d\\u2019une pi\\u00e8ce\":\"Capacity of a piece\",\"Calculez le volume \\u00e0 ras bord et celui r\\u00e9ellement utilisable, \\u00e0 partir des mesures int\\u00e9rieures.\":\"Calculate the brimful and genuinely usable volumes from internal measurements.\",\"Cylindre\":\"Cylinder\",\"C\\u00f4ne tronqu\\u00e9\":\"Truncated cone\",\"Choisissez le niveau de remplissage. Une marge \\u00e9gale \\u00e0 la profondeur donne un volume nul.\":\"Choose the fill level. A clearance equal to the depth gives zero volume.\",\"Dimensions int\\u00e9rieures de la pi\\u00e8ce cuite, en cm. Un cm\\u00b3 vaut un ml. Cylindre : V = \\u03c0r\\u00b2h. C\\u00f4ne tronqu\\u00e9 : V = \\u03c0h(R\\u00b2 + Rr + r\\u00b2)\\\/3.\":\"Internal dimensions of the fired piece, in cm. One cm\\u00b3 equals one ml. Cylinder: V = \\u03c0r\\u00b2h. Truncated cone: V = \\u03c0h(R\\u00b2 + Rr + r\\u00b2)\\\/3.\",\"Calotte sph\\u00e9rique de rayon au bord a et de profondeur h : rayon de sph\\u00e8re S = (a\\u00b2 + h\\u00b2)\\\/(2h), puis V = \\u03c0h\\u00b2(S \\u2212 h\\\/3). Le volume d\\u2019usage est recalcul\\u00e9 avec la hauteur de liquide dans cette m\\u00eame sph\\u00e8re.\":\"Spherical cap with rim radius a and depth h: sphere radius S = (a\\u00b2 + h\\u00b2)\\\/(2h), then V = \\u03c0h\\u00b2(S \\u2212 h\\\/3). The usable volume is recalculated using the liquid height in this same sphere.\",\"Pour le c\\u00f4ne tronqu\\u00e9, le rayon au niveau du liquide est interpol\\u00e9 lin\\u00e9airement. On ne multiplie pas le volume total par un simple pourcentage de remplissage.\":\"For the truncated cone, the radius at the liquid level is interpolated linearly. The total volume is not simply multiplied by a fill percentage.\",\"Densit\\u00e9 d\\u2019un \\u00e9mail ou d\\u2019une barbotine\":\"Glaze or slip density\",\"Mesurez votre m\\u00e9lange et estimez une dilution \\u00e0 partir de votre propre cible.\":\"Measure your mixture and estimate dilution using your own target.\",\"Mesurer uniquement\":\"Measure only\",\"\\u00c9tudier un ajout d\\u2019eau\":\"Explore a water addition\",\"\\u00c9mail ou engobe\":\"Glaze or engobe\",\"Barbotine de coulage\":\"Casting slip\",\"Cible \\u00e9tablie par votre fabricant ou vos essais ; aucune cible universelle.\":\"A target established by your manufacturer or your tests; there is no universal target.\",\"Un volume en litres, pas une masse en kilogrammes.\":\"A volume in litres, not a mass in kilograms.\",\"Masse volumique \\u03c1 = (masse pleine \\u2212 tare)\\\/volume pr\\u00e9lev\\u00e9. La densit\\u00e9 relative est \\u03c1\\\/\\u03c1eau ; l\\u2019approximation d\\u2019atelier retenue est \\u03c1eau = 1 g\\\/ml.\":\"Density \\u03c1 = (full mass \\u2212 tare)\\\/sample volume. Specific gravity is \\u03c1\\\/\\u03c1water; the studio approximation used is \\u03c1water = 1 g\\\/ml.\",\"Dilution d\\u2019un volume V : ajout d\\u2019eau x = V(\\u03c1actuelle \\u2212 \\u03c1cible)\\\/(\\u03c1cible \\u2212 1), sous l\\u2019hypoth\\u00e8se de volumes additifs. Une cible sup\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0 la valeur mesur\\u00e9e ne peut pas \\u00eatre obtenue en ajoutant de l\\u2019eau.\":\"Diluting a volume V: water addition x = V(\\u03c1current \\u2212 \\u03c1target)\\\/(\\u03c1target \\u2212 1), assuming additive volumes. A target higher than the measured value cannot be achieved by adding water.\",\"Le comportement d\\u2019une barbotine de coulage d\\u00e9pend aussi de la viscosit\\u00e9 et de la d\\u00e9floculation. Une mesure de densit\\u00e9 seule ne fournit pas un dosage de d\\u00e9floculant.\":\"Casting slip behaviour also depends on viscosity and deflocculation. A density measurement alone does not provide a deflocculant dosage.\",\"Calculateur de recette d\\u2019\\u00e9mail\":\"Glaze recipe calculator\",\"Passez des proportions aux grammes en gardant les additifs s\\u00e9par\\u00e9s de la base.\":\"Convert proportions to grams while keeping additives separate from the base.\",\"Base : mati\\u00e8res et parts\":\"Base: materials and parts\",\"Additifs : pourcentage de la base\":\"Additives: percentage of the base\",\"Additif exemple ; 2\":\"Example additive ; 2\",\"M\\u00eame format. Un ajout de 2 % signifie 2 g pour 100 g de base. Laissez vide si aucun additif.\":\"The same format. A 2 % addition means 2 g per 100 g of base. Leave blank if there are no additives.\",\"La masse souhait\\u00e9e d\\u00e9signe\":\"The desired mass refers to\",\"La base seule, avant additifs\":\"The base alone, before additives\",\"Le total sec, additifs compris\":\"The dry total, including additives\",\"La base est toujours normalis\\u00e9e : masse mati\\u00e8re = parts mati\\u00e8re \\\/ somme des parts \\u00d7 masse de base. Les additifs sont calcul\\u00e9s en plus : masse additif = pourcentage \\u00d7 masse de base \\\/ 100.\":\"The base is always normalised: material mass = material parts \\\/ total parts \\u00d7 base mass. Additives are calculated in addition: additive mass = percentage \\u00d7 base mass \\\/ 100.\",\"Si vous choisissez un total additifs compris M : masse de base = M\\\/(1 + somme des pourcentages d\\u2019additifs\\\/100). Cette distinction emp\\u00eache une recette \\u00e0 100 + 8 de devenir silencieusement une recette \\u00e0 100.\":\"If you choose a total M including additives: base mass = M\\\/(1 + sum of additive percentages\\\/100). This distinction prevents a 100 + 8 recipe from silently becoming a recipe totalling 100.\",\"Glazy \\u2014 format des recettes et additions\":\"Glazy \\u2014 recipe and addition format\",\"Programmateur de courbe de cuisson\":\"Firing curve planner\",\"Pr\\u00e9parez les segments et v\\u00e9rifiez leur dur\\u00e9e, avec paliers et descentes pilot\\u00e9es.\":\"Prepare segments and check their duration, including holds and controlled cooling ramps.\",\"Segments : vitesse ; cible ; palier\":\"Segments: rate ; target ; hold\",\"Une ligne par segment : vitesse positive en \\u00b0C\\\/h ; cible en \\u00b0C ; palier en minutes. Une cible inf\\u00e9rieure \\u00e0 la pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dente repr\\u00e9sente une descente pilot\\u00e9e. Cet exemple sert au calcul et ne constitue pas un programme valid\\u00e9.\":\"One line per segment: positive rate in \\u00b0C\\\/h ; target in \\u00b0C ; hold in minutes. A target below the previous one represents controlled cooling. This example is for calculation and is not a validated programme.\",\"Dur\\u00e9e d\\u2019un segment = |temp\\u00e9rature cible \\u2212 temp\\u00e9rature pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dente| \\\/ vitesse + palier. Les rampes utilisent des \\u00b0C\\\/h et les paliers sont saisis en minutes.\":\"Segment duration = |target temperature \\u2212 previous temperature| \\\/ rate + hold. Ramps use \\u00b0C\\\/h and holds are entered in minutes.\",\"Une cible identique \\u00e0 la temp\\u00e9rature pr\\u00e9c\\u00e9dente d\\u00e9crit un palier seul. Les dur\\u00e9es sont additionn\\u00e9es avant d\\u2019arrondir le total \\u00e0 la minute. Aucun refroidissement libre fictif n\\u2019est ajout\\u00e9.\":\"A target equal to the previous temperature describes a hold only. Durations are added before rounding the total to the nearest minute. No invented natural cooling time is added.\",\"Skutt \\u2014 contr\\u00f4leur KilnMaster et mode Ramp\\\/Hold\":\"Skutt \\u2014 KilnMaster controller and Ramp\\\/Hold mode\",\"Convertisseur d\\u2019unit\\u00e9s c\\u00e9ramique\":\"Ceramics unit converter\",\"Longueurs, masses, volumes, temp\\u00e9ratures et vitesses de cuisson, sans confusion US\\\/imp\\u00e9rial.\":\"Lengths, masses, volumes, temperatures and firing rates, without confusing US and imperial units.\",\"Masse\":\"Mass\",\"Volume\":\"Volume\",\"Vitesse de cuisson\":\"Firing rate\",\"Les conversions lin\\u00e9aires utilisent les facteurs d\\u2019unit\\u00e9 : 1 pouce = 2,54 cm, 1 livre = 453,59237 g, 1 gallon US liquide = 3,785411784 L, 1 gallon imp\\u00e9rial = 4,54609 L.\":\"Linear conversions use unit factors: 1 inch = 2.54 cm, 1 pound = 453.59237 g, 1 US liquid gallon = 3.785411784 L, 1 imperial gallon = 4.54609 L.\",\"Temp\\u00e9rature : \\u00b0F = \\u00b0C \\u00d7 9\\\/5 + 32 ; K = \\u00b0C + 273,15. Pour une vitesse ou un \\u00e9cart de temp\\u00e9rature, le d\\u00e9calage 32 dispara\\u00eet : 1 \\u00b0C\\\/h = 1,8 \\u00b0F\\\/h. Les calculs conservent leur pr\\u00e9cision avant l\\u2019affichage.\":\"Temperature: \\u00b0F = \\u00b0C \\u00d7 9\\\/5 + 32; K = \\u00b0C + 273.15. For a rate or temperature difference, the offset of 32 disappears: 1 \\u00b0C\\\/h = 1.8 \\u00b0F\\\/h. Calculations retain their precision before display.\",\"NIST \\u2014 facteurs de conversion des unit\\u00e9s\":\"NIST \\u2014 unit conversion factors\",\"Planificateur de fourn\\u00e9e\":\"Kiln load planner\",\"Estimez le nombre de pi\\u00e8ces, les niveaux et les fourn\\u00e9es n\\u00e9cessaires.\":\"Estimate the number of pieces, levels and firings required.\",\"Ronde\":\"Round\",\"Rectangulaire\":\"Rectangular\",\"Diam\\u00e8tre d\\u2019encombrement de la pi\\u00e8ce\":\"Overall footprint diameter of the piece\",\"Cercle englobant la pi\\u00e8ce dans son \\u00e9tat au chargement, anses comprises.\":\"A circle enclosing the piece in its state at loading, including handles.\",\"Hauteur de la pi\\u00e8ce au chargement\":\"Piece height at loading\",\"\\u00c9cart entre les pi\\u00e8ces\":\"Gap between the pieces\",\"0 pour calculer seulement la capacit\\u00e9.\":\"Enter 0 to calculate capacity only.\",\"Exemple \\u00e0 remplacer par votre co\\u00fbt. 0 pour ne pas calculer les co\\u00fbts.\":\"An example to replace with your cost. Enter 0 to skip cost calculations.\",\"Les centres sont compt\\u00e9s sur plusieurs grilles droites et hexagonales d\\u00e9cal\\u00e9es. Chaque disque doit \\u00eatre enti\\u00e8rement dans la plaque utile et rester s\\u00e9par\\u00e9 de ses voisins par l\\u2019\\u00e9cart saisi.\":\"Centres are counted on several offset straight and hexagonal grids. Each disc must fit entirely within the usable shelf area and remain separated from its neighbours by the entered gap.\",\"Pour n niveaux : hauteur occup\\u00e9e = rehausse + n \\u00d7 (\\u00e9paisseur plaque + hauteur pi\\u00e8ce) + (n \\u2212 1) \\u00d7 garde entre niveaux + garde sous le couvercle. Le nombre de fourn\\u00e9es est arrondi \\u00e0 l\\u2019entier sup\\u00e9rieur.\":\"For n levels: occupied height = height below the first shelf + n \\u00d7 (shelf thickness + piece height) + (n \\u2212 1) \\u00d7 clearance between levels + clearance below the lid. The number of firings is rounded up to the next whole number.\",\"Le co\\u00fbt moyen d\\u2019une s\\u00e9rie utilise toutes les fourn\\u00e9es n\\u00e9cessaires, y compris la derni\\u00e8re partiellement charg\\u00e9e. Les plots et obstacles ne sont pas mod\\u00e9lis\\u00e9s ; le r\\u00e9sultat reste une estimation g\\u00e9om\\u00e9trique \\u00e0 confirmer.\":\"The average batch cost uses all required firings, including the partially loaded final one. Props and obstacles are not modelled; the result remains a geometric estimate to confirm.\",\"Corriger un tressaillage ou un \\u00e9caillage\":\"Address glaze crazing or shivering\",\"Pr\\u00e9parez une s\\u00e9rie d\\u2019essais mesur\\u00e9e et documentez l\\u2019accord entre terre et \\u00e9mail.\":\"Prepare a measured series of tests and document the fit between clay and glaze.\",\"R\\u00e9seau de craquelures : tressaillage\":\"A network of cracks: crazing\",\"\\u00c9clats aux ar\\u00eates : \\u00e9caillage possible\":\"Flakes at edges: possible shivering\",\"Pas de d\\u00e9faut identifi\\u00e9 : organiser les essais\":\"No identified defect: organise tests\",\"Base d\\u2019essai : mati\\u00e8res et parts\":\"Test base: materials and parts\",\"{0} Hors additifs.\":\"{0} Excluding additives.\",\"1 = premi\\u00e8re mati\\u00e8re, 2 = deuxi\\u00e8me. Choisissez la mati\\u00e8re d\\u2019apr\\u00e8s votre analyse ou un conseil technique.\":\"1 = first material, 2 = second. Choose the material based on your analysis or technical advice.\",\"Variation choisie pour cette mati\\u00e8re\":\"Selected variation for this material\",\"Augmenter\":\"Increase\",\"Diminuer\":\"Decrease\",\"La direction ne d\\u00e9coule pas automatiquement du d\\u00e9faut observ\\u00e9.\":\"The direction is not automatically inferred from the observed defect.\",\"Pas par variante, sur base normalis\\u00e9e\":\"Step per variant, on a normalised base\",\"Nombre de variantes en plus du t\\u00e9moin\":\"Number of variants in addition to the control\",\"La recette de d\\u00e9part est normalis\\u00e9e \\u00e0 100 parts. Chaque variante ajoute ou retranche n \\u00d7 pas \\u00e0 la mati\\u00e8re choisie, puis toutes les mati\\u00e8res sont renormalis\\u00e9es \\u00e0 la masse de base souhait\\u00e9e.\":\"The starting recipe is normalised to 100 parts. Each variant adds or subtracts n \\u00d7 step from the selected material, then all materials are renormalised to the desired base mass.\",\"Cette s\\u00e9rie est un outil de pes\\u00e9e, pas un pr\\u00e9dicteur d\\u2019accord. La dilatation thermique, la fusion, la terre et la cuisson interagissent ; une modification de mati\\u00e8re ne garantit pas la disparition du d\\u00e9faut. Un t\\u00e9moin non modifi\\u00e9 accompagne les variantes.\":\"This series is a weighing tool, not a glaze-fit predictor. Thermal expansion, melting, clay and firing interact; changing a material does not guarantee the defect will disappear. An unchanged control accompanies the variants.\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 accord terre\\\/\\u00e9mail\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 clay\\\/glaze fit\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 \\u00e9caillage de l\\u2019\\u00e9mail\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 glaze shivering\",\"Terre \\u0026 fa\\u00e7onnage\":\"Clay \\u0026 forming\",\"Choisir sa mati\\u00e8re, pr\\u00e9voir ses dimensions et pr\\u00e9parer juste ce qu\\u2019il faut.\":\"Choose your material, plan dimensions and prepare just what you need.\",\"Comprendre la chauffe, pr\\u00e9parer sa fourn\\u00e9e et estimer son co\\u00fbt.\":\"Understand heating, prepare a kiln load and estimate its cost.\",\"\\u00c9maux \\u0026 mati\\u00e8res\":\"Glazes \\u0026 materials\",\"Peser avec pr\\u00e9cision, ajuster une suspension et observer ses essais.\":\"Weigh accurately, adjust a suspension and observe your tests.\",\"Atelier, budget \\u0026 vente\":\"Studio, budget \\u0026 selling\",\"Mettre des chiffres sur ses projets pour d\\u00e9cider plus sereinement.\":\"Put figures to your projects to make decisions with greater confidence.\",\"Choisir sa terre\":\"Choose your clay\",\"Trouver ses rep\\u00e8res\":\"Find your bearings\",\"argile gr\\u00e8s fa\\u00efence porcelaine d\\u00e9buter projet\":\"clay stoneware earthenware porcelain beginner project\",\"Quelle famille de terre explorer pour votre projet et votre cuisson ?\":\"Which clay family should you explore for your project and firing?\",\"Pr\\u00e9voir son poids de terre\":\"Plan your clay quantity\",\"Pr\\u00e9parer sa pi\\u00e8ce\":\"Prepare your piece\",\"poids masse quantit\\u00e9 argile bol mug assiette gramme\":\"weight mass quantity clay bowl mug plate gram\",\"Estimez la terre \\u00e0 pr\\u00e9parer selon la forme, le retrait et vos mesures.\":\"Estimate the clay to prepare from the shape, shrinkage and your measurements.\",\"Calculer le retrait\":\"Calculate shrinkage\",\"Ajuster ses dimensions\":\"Adjust your dimensions\",\"r\\u00e9tr\\u00e9cissement s\\u00e9chage cuisson taille humide cuit\":\"shrinkage drying firing size wet fired\",\"Passez des dimensions souhait\\u00e9es aux dimensions \\u00e0 fa\\u00e7onner.\":\"Convert desired dimensions to the dimensions to make.\",\"Conna\\u00eetre la contenance\":\"Find the capacity\",\"Imaginer son usage\":\"Plan its use\",\"capacit\\u00e9 volume ml litre mug bol tasse\":\"capacity volume ml litre mug bowl cup\",\"Estimez le volume int\\u00e9rieur d\\u2019un bol, d\\u2019un mug ou d\\u2019un r\\u00e9cipient.\":\"Estimate the internal volume of a bowl, mug or vessel.\",\"C\\u00f4nes \\u0026 temp\\u00e9ratures\":\"Cones \\u0026 temperatures\",\"Comprendre la chauffe\":\"Understand heating\",\"orton pyrom\\u00e9trique degr\\u00e9s chaleur 06 6\":\"orton pyrometric degrees heat 06 6\",\"Comparez les rep\\u00e8res Orton selon la vitesse de mont\\u00e9e finale.\":\"Compare Orton reference values by final heating rate.\",\"Pr\\u00e9parer sa courbe\":\"Prepare your firing curve\",\"Estimer la dur\\u00e9e\":\"Estimate duration\",\"palier rampe programme refroidissement four dur\\u00e9e\":\"hold ramp programme cooling kiln duration\",\"Additionnez les rampes et les paliers de votre programme de cuisson.\":\"Add the ramps and holds in your firing programme.\",\"Estimer le co\\u00fbt de cuisson\":\"Estimate firing cost\",\"Pr\\u00e9voir sa d\\u00e9pense\":\"Plan your spending\",\"\\u00e9lectricit\\u00e9 kwh prix four puissance \\u00e9nergie co\\u00fbt\":\"electricity kwh price kiln power energy cost\",\"Utilisez vos kWh mesur\\u00e9s ou une estimation clairement d\\u00e9taill\\u00e9e.\":\"Use your measured kWh or a clearly detailed estimate.\",\"Planifier une fourn\\u00e9e\":\"Plan a kiln load\",\"Organiser son four\":\"Organise your kiln\",\"enfournement plaques \\u00e9tages rangement pi\\u00e8ces volume\":\"loading shelves levels arrangement pieces volume\",\"Pr\\u00e9parez un plan de chargement th\\u00e9orique avec vos espacements.\":\"Prepare a theoretical loading plan using your clearances.\",\"Comprendre un d\\u00e9faut\":\"Understand a defect\",\"Orienter ses essais\":\"Guide your tests\",\"fissure \\u00e9clat d\\u00e9formation bulle craquelure rat\\u00e9 probl\\u00e8me\":\"crack chip warping bubble crazing failure problem\",\"Explorez les causes possibles et les v\\u00e9rifications \\u00e0 faire \\u00e0 l\\u2019atelier.\":\"Explore possible causes and checks to carry out in the studio.\",\"Peser sa recette d\\u2019\\u00e9mail\":\"Weigh your glaze recipe\",\"Passer aux grammes\":\"Convert to grams\",\"\\u00e9mail gla\\u00e7ure formule recette pourcentage additif oxyde\":\"glaze glazing formula recipe percentage additive oxide\",\"Redimensionnez une base et distinguez les ajouts de la recette.\":\"Scale a base and keep additions distinct from the recipe.\",\"Mesurer une densit\\u00e9\":\"Measure density\",\"Suivre sa suspension\":\"Monitor your suspension\",\"barbotine eau densit\\u00e9 dilution m\\u00e9lange suspension\":\"slip water density dilution mixture suspension\",\"Mesurez une masse volumique et calculez une dilution \\u00e0 l\\u2019eau.\":\"Measure density and calculate dilution with water.\",\"Accord terre \\\/ \\u00e9mail\":\"Clay \\\/ glaze fit\",\"Lire ses r\\u00e9sultats\":\"Interpret your results\",\"tressaillage \\u00e9caillage dilatation retrait silice glaze fit\":\"crazing shivering expansion shrinkage silica glaze fit\",\"Distinguez tressaillage et \\u00e9caillage, puis pr\\u00e9parez des essais cibl\\u00e9s.\":\"Distinguish crazing from shivering, then prepare targeted tests.\",\"Acheter ou louer ?\":\"Buy or rent?\",\"Pr\\u00e9parer son atelier\":\"Plan your studio\",\"investissement achat location tour four rentabilit\\u00e9 budget\":\"investment purchase rental wheel kiln profitability budget\",\"Comparez deux budgets \\u00e0 partir de votre pratique et de vos co\\u00fbts.\":\"Compare two budgets based on your practice and costs.\",\"Valoriser son travail\":\"Value your work\",\"prix vente co\\u00fbt marge travail r\\u00e9mun\\u00e9ration tarif commission\":\"price sale cost margin labour pay rate commission\",\"Int\\u00e9grez mati\\u00e8re, temps, pertes et frais sans confondre marge et majoration.\":\"Include materials, time, losses and fees without confusing margin and mark-up.\",\"Convertir ses unit\\u00e9s\":\"Convert your units\",\"Passer d\\u2019un rep\\u00e8re \\u00e0 l\\u2019autre\":\"Switch between units\",\"conversion pouce inch gramme ounce oz livre lbs celsius fahrenheit\":\"conversion inch gram ounce oz pound lbs celsius fahrenheit\",\"Convertissez dimensions, masses, volumes et temp\\u00e9ratures.\":\"Convert dimensions, masses, volumes and temperatures.\",\"Dimension finale souhait\\u00e9e\":\"Desired final dimension\",\"Dimension de la pi\\u00e8ce humide\":\"Wet piece dimension\",\"La taille souhait\\u00e9e apr\\u00e8s s\\u00e9chage et cuisson.\":\"The desired size after drying and firing.\",\"La taille mesur\\u00e9e avant s\\u00e9chage et cuisson.\":\"The size measured before drying and firing.\",\"Utilisez le retrait humide \\u2192 cuisson finale de votre terre.\":\"Use your clay\\u2019s shrinkage from wet to the final firing.\",\"NFD\":\"NFD\",\"Le calcul ne donne pas de r\\u00e9sultat fini. V\\u00e9rifiez les param\\u00e8tres.\":\"The calculation does not produce a finite result. Check the parameters.\",\"Ce r\\u00e9sultat d\\u00e9passe les limites de calcul. V\\u00e9rifiez les valeurs saisies.\":\"This result exceeds the calculation limits. Check the values entered.\",\"C\\u00c9RAMISPOT \\u2014 {0}\":\"C\\u00c9RAMISPOT \\u2014 {0}\",\"EXEMPLE \\u00c0 PERSONNALISER\":\"EXAMPLE TO CUSTOMISE\",\"Calcul selon les valeurs saisies\":\"Calculation using the entered values\",\"PARAM\\u00c8TRES\":\"PARAMETERS\",\"Oui\":\"Yes\",\"Non\":\"No\",\"Non renseign\\u00e9\":\"Not provided\",\"R\\u00c9SULTATS\":\"RESULTS\",\"LIMITES ET M\\u00c9THODE\":\"LIMITATIONS AND METHOD\",\"R\\u00c9F\\u00c9RENCES\":\"REFERENCES\",\"Outil : https:\\\/\\\/www.ceramispot.com\\\/outils\\\/#outil-{0}\":\"Tool: https:\\\/\\\/www.ceramispot.com\\\/outils\\\/#outil-{0}\",\"Les valeurs pr\\u00e9remplies sont des exemples. V\\u00e9rifiez vos mesures, vos co\\u00fbts et les fiches des produits avant utilisation.\":\"Prefilled values are examples. Check your measurements, costs and product data sheets before use.\",\"R\\u00e9sultats pour \\u00ab {0} \\u00bb\":\"Results for \\u201c{0}\\u201d\",\"Tous les outils\":\"All tools\",\"Outil\":\"Tool\",\"{0} affich\\u00e9\":\"{0} displayed\",\"Autres calculs de retrait\":\"Other shrinkage calculations\",\"votre terre\":\"your clay\",\"votre atelier\":\"your studio\",\"Voir les rep\\u00e8res\":\"View guidance\",\"Calculer\":\"Calculate\",\"Valeurs d\\u2019\":\"Values from this \",\"\\u2014 adaptez-les \\u00e0 {0}.\":\"\\u2014 adapt them for {0}.\",\"Reprendre l\\u2019exemple\":\"Restore the example\",\"Signaler un souci avec cet outil\":\"Report a problem with this tool\",\"Calculer ma dimension\":\"Calculate my dimension\",\"Param\\u00e8tres modifi\\u00e9s\":\"Parameters changed\",\"Cliquez sur Calculer pour mettre \\u00e0 jour le r\\u00e9sultat.\":\"Click Calculate to update the result.\",\"\\u00eatre au moins \\u00e9gal \\u00e0 {0}\":\"be at least {0}\",\"ne pas d\\u00e9passer {0}\":\"not exceed {0}\",\"Renseignez \\u00ab {0} \\u00bb.\":\"Enter \\u201c{0}\\u201d.\",\"Aucun r\\u00e9sultat disponible pour ces param\\u00e8tres.\":\"No result is available for these parameters.\",\"V\\u00e9rifiez les valeurs saisies.\":\"Check the values entered.\",\"Un param\\u00e8tre demande votre attention.\":\"A parameter needs your attention.\",\"Le calcul reprendra apr\\u00e8s correction.\":\"The calculation will resume after correction.\",\"Exemple \\u00b7 \\u00e0 personnaliser\":\"Example \\u00b7 customise it\",\"R\\u00e9sultat du calcul\":\"Calculation result\",\"Pour obtenir {0} cm apr\\u00e8s cuisson.\":\"To obtain {0} cm after firing.\",\"D\\u00e9tail du r\\u00e9sultat\":\"Result details\",\"D\\u00e9tails et limites du calcul\":\"Calculation details and limitations\",\"Copier le r\\u00e9sultat\":\"Copy the result\",\"Enregistrer la fiche \\u2193\":\"Save the sheet \\u2193\",\"R\\u00e9sultat et param\\u00e8tres copi\\u00e9s.\":\"Result and parameters copied.\",\"La copie n\\u2019est pas disponible ici. Utilisez \\u00ab Enregistrer la fiche \\u00bb.\":\"Copying is unavailable here. Use \\u201cSave the sheet\\u201d.\",\"Page Outils\":\"Tools page\",\"Aucun r\\u00e9sultat calcul\\u00e9.\":\"No result calculated.\",\"Mati\\u00e8res de la base\":\"Base materials\",\"mati\\u00e8re\":\"material\",\"mati\\u00e8res\":\"materials\",\"Ex. : feldspath\":\"E.g. feldspar\",\"Quantit\\u00e9 (parts)\":\"Quantity (parts)\",\"Ex. : 50\":\"E.g. 50\",\"Ajoutez une ligne par mati\\u00e8re. La base sera ramen\\u00e9e \\u00e0 100 %. Les virgules d\\u00e9cimales sont accept\\u00e9es.\":\"Add one line per material. The base will be normalised to 100 %. Decimal commas are accepted.\",\"Additifs en plus de la base\":\"Additives in addition to the base\",\"Ex. : colorant\":\"E.g. stain\",\"Ajout (% de base)\":\"Addition (% of base)\",\"Ex. : 2\":\"E.g. 2\",\"Un ajout de 2 % correspond \\u00e0 2 g pour 100 g de base. Supprimez toutes les lignes si vous n\\u2019ajoutez rien.\":\"A 2 % addition corresponds to 2 g per 100 g of base. Remove all lines if you are not adding anything.\",\"\\u00c9tapes de la cuisson\":\"Firing stages\",\"Vitesse (\\u00b0C\\\/h)\":\"Rate (\\u00b0C\\\/h)\",\"Ex. : 100\":\"E.g. 100\",\"Cible (\\u00b0C)\":\"Target (\\u00b0C)\",\"Ex. : 600\":\"E.g. 600\",\"Palier (min)\":\"Hold (min)\",\"Ajoutez les \\u00e9tapes dans l\\u2019ordre. Une cible plus basse d\\u00e9crit une descente pilot\\u00e9e. Les valeurs d\\u2019exemple servent au calcul et ne constituent pas un programme valid\\u00e9.\":\"Add the stages in order. A lower target describes controlled cooling. The example values are for calculation and do not constitute a validated programme.\",\"Aucun additif. La recette sera calcul\\u00e9e avec la base seule.\":\"No additives. The recipe will be calculated with the base only.\",\"une mati\\u00e8re\":\"a material\",\"la mati\\u00e8re\":\"material\",\"Supprimer {0} {1}\":\"Remove {0} {1}\",\"Conservez au moins une ligne.\":\"Keep at least one line.\",\"\\u00d7\":\"\\u00d7\",\"Choisissez une am\\u00e9lioration, une astuce ou un probl\\u00e8me \\u00e0 signaler.\":\"Choose an improvement, a tip or a problem to report.\",\"Ajoutez quelques mots pour nous expliquer votre id\\u00e9e ou le probl\\u00e8me rencontr\\u00e9.\":\"Add a few words to explain your idea or the problem you encountered.\",\"Votre message peut contenir jusqu\\u2019\\u00e0 4 000 caract\\u00e8res.\":\"Your message can contain up to 4 000 characters.\",\"Indiquez une adresse e-mail valide si vous souhaitez une r\\u00e9ponse.\":\"Enter a valid email address if you would like a reply.\",\"Le mod\\u00e8le concern\\u00e9 n\\u2019est pas reconnu. Rouvrez le formulaire depuis sa fiche.\":\"The relevant template is not recognised. Reopen the form from its page.\",\"Choisissez la mati\\u00e8re utilis\\u00e9e.\":\"Choose the material used.\",\"La version du mod\\u00e8le est invalide.\":\"The template version is invalid.\",\"Votre pr\\u00e9nom peut contenir jusqu\\u2019\\u00e0 60 caract\\u00e8res.\":\"Your first name can contain up to 60 characters.\",\"L\\u2019accord de publication doit \\u00eatre choisi explicitement.\":\"Publication consent must be explicitly selected.\",\"Am\\u00e9lioration propos\\u00e9e pour C\\u00e9ramispot\":\"Suggested improvement for C\\u00e9ramispot\",\"Probl\\u00e8me rencontr\\u00e9 sur C\\u00e9ramispot\":\"Problem encountered on C\\u00e9ramispot\",\"Astuce propos\\u00e9e pour C\\u00e9ramispot\":\"Tip suggested for C\\u00e9ramispot\",\"Gabarit concern\\u00e9 : {0}{1}\":\"Relevant template: {0}{1}\",\"Argile autodurcissante\":\"Air-drying clay\",\"Argile \\u00e0 cuire\":\"Clay for firing\",\"Mati\\u00e8re : {0}\":\"Material: {0}\",\"autoris\\u00e9e\":\"authorised\",\"non autoris\\u00e9e \\u2014 message priv\\u00e9\":\"not authorised \\u2014 private message\",\"Pr\\u00e9nom propos\\u00e9 : {0}\":\"Suggested first name: {0}\",\"Publication apr\\u00e8s relecture : {0}{1}\":\"Publication after review: {0}{1}\",\"Adresse pour me r\\u00e9pondre : {0}\":\"Email address for a reply: {0}\",\"Rep\\u00e8res joints :\\n{0}\":\"Attached context:\\n{0}\",\"Le formulaire n\\u2019est pas connect\\u00e9. Votre message n\\u2019a pas \\u00e9t\\u00e9 envoy\\u00e9.\":\"The form is not connected. Your message has not been sent.\",\"Le formulaire n\\u2019est pas connect\\u00e9 correctement. Votre message n\\u2019a pas \\u00e9t\\u00e9 envoy\\u00e9.\":\"The form is not connected correctly. Your message has not been sent.\",\"Nous n\\u2019avons pas pu confirmer la r\\u00e9ception. Votre texte est conserv\\u00e9.\":\"We could not confirm receipt. Your text has been kept.\",\"L\\u2019envoi n\\u2019a pas pu \\u00eatre confirm\\u00e9. Votre texte est conserv\\u00e9.\":\"Sending could not be confirmed. Your text has been kept.\",\"Cet aper\\u00e7u ne transmet pas de message.\":\"This preview does not send messages.\",\"Le formulaire n\\u2019a pas pu \\u00eatre pr\\u00e9par\\u00e9. Votre message n\\u2019a pas \\u00e9t\\u00e9 envoy\\u00e9.\":\"The form could not be prepared. Your message has not been sent.\",\"POST\":\"POST\",\"Les petits coups de main des cr\\u00e9ateurs\":\"Helpful tips from makers\",\"Des exp\\u00e9riences partag\\u00e9es et relues par C\\u00e9ramispot. Elles ne remplacent pas les consignes du fabricant ni une validation du gabarit.\":\"Experiences shared and reviewed by C\\u00e9ramispot. They do not replace the manufacturer\\u2019s instructions or validation of the template.\",\"Une personne de la communaut\\u00e9\":\"A community member\",\"Vos id\\u00e9es et vos retours\":\"Your ideas and feedback\",\"Vos id\\u00e9es ont leur place ici.\":\"Your ideas belong here.\",\"Un petit mot pour faire grandir ces outils ?\":\"A few words to help these tools grow?\",\"Une id\\u00e9e, une astuce ou un souci : on vous \\u00e9coute.\":\"An idea, a tip or a problem: we are listening.\",\"Proposer une am\\u00e9lioration\":\"Suggest an improvement\",\"Partager une astuce\":\"Share a tip\",\"Signaler un probl\\u00e8me\":\"Report a problem\",\"Gratuits, et ils le resteront. Vos astuces sont relues et publi\\u00e9es uniquement avec votre accord.\":\"Free, and they will stay that way. Your tips are reviewed and published only with your consent.\",\"Votre message sera envoy\\u00e9 \\u00e0 l\\u2019\\u00e9quipe C\\u00e9ramispot.\":\"Your message will be sent to the C\\u00e9ramispot team.\",\"Le texte reste dans cet aper\\u00e7u. Rien n\\u2019est transmis \\u00e0 C\\u00e9ramispot.\":\"Your text stays in this preview. Nothing is sent to C\\u00e9ramispot.\",\"Envoyer mon petit mot\":\"Send my message\",\"Pr\\u00e9parer mon message\":\"Prepare my message\",\"Fermer le formulaire\":\"Close the form\",\"UN PETIT MOT POUR C\\u00c9RAMISPOT\":\"A FEW WORDS FOR C\\u00c9RAMISPOT\",\"On vous \\u00e9coute.\":\"We are listening.\",\"Votre exp\\u00e9rience nous aide \\u00e0 prendre soin de ces outils.\":\"Your experience helps us look after these tools.\",\"Mode aper\\u00e7u \\u2014 aucun message ne sera envoy\\u00e9.\":\"Preview mode \\u2014 no message will be sent.\",\"Vous souhaitez\\u2026\":\"You would like to\\u2026\",\"Votre petit mot\":\"Your message\",\"Quelques mots suffisent. Pour un probl\\u00e8me, dites-nous ce que vous attendiez et ce qui s\\u2019est pass\\u00e9.\":\"A few words are enough. For a problem, tell us what you expected and what happened.\",\"Avec quelle mati\\u00e8re ?\":\"Which material?\",\"Non pr\\u00e9cis\\u00e9e\":\"Not specified\",\"Votre pr\\u00e9nom\":\"Your first name\",\"(facultatif, pour signer votre astuce)\":\"(optional, to sign your tip)\",\"J\\u2019accepte que mon astuce et le pr\\u00e9nom indiqu\\u00e9 soient publi\\u00e9s apr\\u00e8s relecture, sans changer le sens de mon message.\":\"I agree to my tip and the first name provided being published after review, without changing the meaning of my message.\",\"Vous pouvez laisser cette case d\\u00e9coch\\u00e9e : votre astuce restera un message priv\\u00e9 pour l\\u2019\\u00e9quipe. Une mesure qui semble incorrecte sera examin\\u00e9e comme un probl\\u00e8me.\":\"You can leave this box unticked: your tip will remain a private message to the team. A measurement that appears incorrect will be investigated as a problem.\",\"Site internet\":\"Website\",\"J\\u2019aimerais recevoir une r\\u00e9ponse.\":\"I would like a reply.\",\"Votre adresse e-mail\":\"Your email address\",\"Elle servira uniquement \\u00e0 vous r\\u00e9pondre \\u00e0 propos de ce message.\":\"It will only be used to reply to you about this message.\",\"Fermer\":\"Close\",\"Copier mon message\":\"Copy my message\",\"T\\u00e9l\\u00e9charger mon message\":\"Download my message\",\"Une id\\u00e9e pour am\\u00e9liorer ce gabarit ?\":\"An idea to improve this template?\",\"Une id\\u00e9e pour am\\u00e9liorer cet outil ?\":\"An idea to improve this tool?\",\"Votre petit coup de main.\":\"Your helping hand.\",\"Merci de nous le signaler.\":\"Thank you for letting us know.\",\"Cette \\u00e9tape pourrait \\u00eatre plus claire\\u2026 Ce serait pratique de\\u2026\":\"This step could be clearer\\u2026 It would be useful to\\u2026\",\"J\\u2019ai r\\u00e9alis\\u00e9 cette pi\\u00e8ce avec\\u2026 Ce qui m\\u2019a aid\\u00e9, c\\u2019est\\u2026\":\"I made this piece using\\u2026 What helped me was\\u2026\",\"Sur cet outil, j\\u2019ai essay\\u00e9\\u2026 Le r\\u00e9sultat affich\\u00e9 est\\u2026\":\"In this tool, I tried\\u2026 The displayed result is\\u2026\",\"Les valeurs saisies et le texte affich\\u00e9 par l\\u2019outil seront joints \\u00e0 votre message.\":\"The values entered and the text displayed by the tool will be attached to your message.\",\"Les valeurs saisies dans cet outil seront jointes \\u00e0 votre message.\":\"The values entered in this tool will be attached to your message.\",\"Le texte affich\\u00e9 par l\\u2019outil sera joint \\u00e0 votre message.\":\"The text displayed by the tool will be attached to your message.\",\"Votre astuce ne sera publi\\u00e9e qu\\u2019avec votre accord, apr\\u00e8s relecture.\":\"Your tip will only be published with your consent, after review.\",\"\\u00c0 propos de {0}\":\"About {0}\",\"Votre retour est pr\\u00eat. Il n\\u2019a pas \\u00e9t\\u00e9 envoy\\u00e9 : vous pouvez le copier ou le t\\u00e9l\\u00e9charger ci-dessous.\":\"Your feedback is ready. It has not been sent: you can copy or download it below.\",\"Envoi en cours\\u2026\":\"Sending\\u2026\",\"Merci ! Votre message a bien \\u00e9t\\u00e9 re\\u00e7u.\":\"Thank you! Your message has been received.\",\"Message re\\u00e7u\":\"Message received\",\"Nous n\\u2019avons pas pu confirmer la r\\u00e9ception. Votre texte est conserv\\u00e9 ; vous pouvez r\\u00e9essayer ou le copier.\":\"We could not confirm receipt. Your text has been kept; you can try again or copy it.\",\"R\\u00e9essayer l\\u2019envoi\":\"Try sending again\",\"Votre message a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 copi\\u00e9.\":\"Your message has been copied.\",\"La copie automatique est indisponible. Vous pouvez t\\u00e9l\\u00e9charger le message.\":\"Automatic copying is unavailable. You can download the message.\",\"LES OUTILS DE VOTRE ATELIER\":\"TOOLS FOR YOUR STUDIO\",\"Un coup de main\":\"A helping hand\",\"pour vos cr\\u00e9ations.\":\"for your creations.\",\"15 outils gratuits\":\"15 free tools\",\"pour calculer, pr\\u00e9parer\":\"to calculate, prepare\",\"et cr\\u00e9er sereinement.\":\"and create with confidence.\",\"Une c\\u00e9ramiste au travail dans un atelier lumineux, accompagn\\u00e9e d\\u2019une autre personne.\":\"A potter working in a bright studio, accompanied by another person.\",\"On esp\\u00e8re que ces outils vous aideront\":\"We hope these tools help you\",\"\\u00e0 donner vie \\u00e0 vos id\\u00e9es\\u2026\":\"bring your ideas to life\\u2026\",\"et \\u00e0 en faire na\\u00eetre de nouvelles.\":\"and inspire new ones.\",\"Les outils de votre atelier\":\"Your studio tools\",\"Rechercher un outil\":\"Search for a tool\",\"Quel outil cherchez-vous ?\":\"Which tool are you looking for?\",\"Choisir un outil\":\"Choose a tool\",\"Voir ces 4 outils\":\"View these 4 tools\",\"Voir ces 5 outils\":\"View these 5 tools\",\"Voir ces 3 outils\":\"View these 3 tools\",\"Budget \\u0026 vente\":\"Budget \\u0026 selling\",\"Un petit doute ?\":\"A little unsure?\",\"Prenons les choses une \\u00e9tape \\u00e0 la fois.\":\"Let\\u2019s take it one step at a time.\",\"Lire les conseils\":\"Read the guidance\",\"Essayons un autre mot.\":\"Let\\u2019s try another word.\",\"Vous pouvez chercher \\u00ab bol \\u00bb, \\u00ab \\u00e9mail \\u00bb, \\u00ab prix \\u00bb ou retrouver tous les outils.\":\"You can search for \\u201cbowl\\u201d, \\u201cglaze\\u201d, \\u201cprice\\u201d, or return to all tools.\",\"Voir tous les outils\":\"View all tools\",\"Ouvrir \\\/ fermer l\\u2019outil\":\"Open \\\/ close the tool\",\"Renseignez vos param\\u00e8tres pour pr\\u00e9parer votre r\\u00e9sultat.\":\"Enter your parameters to prepare your result.\",\"Comprendre le calcul\":\"Understand the calculation\",\"R\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences\":\"References\",\"SIO-2 \\u2014 caract\\u00e9ristiques des gr\\u00e8s chamott\\u00e9s \\u2197\":\"SIO-2 \\u2014 grogged stoneware characteristics \\u2197\",\"Plainsman \\u2014 porcelaine Polar Ice au c\\u00f4ne 6 (PDF) \\u2197\":\"Plainsman \\u2014 Polar Ice porcelain at cone 6 (PDF) \\u2197\",\"AMACO \\u2014 projet avec p\\u00e2te autodurcissante, usage d\\u00e9coratif (PDF) \\u2197\":\"AMACO \\u2014 air-drying clay project, decorative use (PDF) \\u2197\",\"Mayco \\u2014 compatibilit\\u00e9 avec la vaisselle \\u2197\":\"Mayco \\u2014 dinnerware suitability \\u2197\",\"Activez JavaScript pour utiliser ce calculateur. La m\\u00e9thode et les r\\u00e9f\\u00e9rences restent consultables ci-dessous.\":\"Enable JavaScript to use this calculator. You can still read the method and references below.\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 mesurer le retrait \\u2197\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 measuring shrinkage \\u2197\",\"Pr\\u00e9parez la bonne dimension avant cuisson.\":\"Prepare the right dimension before firing.\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 mesure du retrait sur \\u00e9prouvettes \\u2197\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 measuring shrinkage with test bars \\u2197\",\"Orton \\u2014 c\\u00f4nes et travail thermique \\u2197\":\"Orton \\u2014 cones and heatwork \\u2197\",\"Bar\\u00e8me Orton officiel, diffus\\u00e9 par L\\u0026L Kilns (PDF, page 2) \\u2197\":\"Official Orton chart, distributed by L\\u0026L Kilns (PDF, page 2) \\u2197\",\"Skutt \\u2014 contr\\u00f4leur KilnMaster et mode Ramp\\\/Hold \\u2197\":\"Skutt \\u2014 KilnMaster controller and Ramp\\\/Hold mode \\u2197\",\"Skutt \\u2014 calcul du co\\u00fbt \\u00e9lectrique d\\u2019une cuisson \\u2197\":\"Skutt \\u2014 calculating the electricity cost of a firing \\u2197\",\"Skutt \\u2014 chargement et cuisson \\u2197\":\"Skutt \\u2014 loading and firing \\u2197\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 fissures de s\\u00e9chage \\u2197\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 drying cracks \\u2197\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 tressaillage \\u2197\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 crazing \\u2197\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 \\u00e9caillage \\u2197\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 shivering \\u2197\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 retrait d\\u2019\\u00e9mail en \\u00eelots \\u2197\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 glaze crawling \\u2197\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 piq\\u00fbres \\u2197\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 pinholing \\u2197\",\"Glazy \\u2014 format des recettes et additions \\u2197\":\"Glazy \\u2014 recipe and addition format \\u2197\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 masse volumique des suspensions \\u2197\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 density of suspensions \\u2197\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 d\\u00e9floculation \\u2197\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 deflocculation \\u2197\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 accord terre\\\/\\u00e9mail \\u2197\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 clay\\\/glaze fit \\u2197\",\"Digitalfire \\u2014 \\u00e9caillage de l\\u2019\\u00e9mail \\u2197\":\"Digitalfire \\u2014 glaze shivering \\u2197\",\"Bpifrance Cr\\u00e9ation \\u2014 taux de marque \\u2197\":\"Bpifrance Cr\\u00e9ation \\u2014 margin as a share of selling price \\u2197\",\"Bpifrance Cr\\u00e9ation \\u2014 fixation du prix de vente \\u2197\":\"Bpifrance Cr\\u00e9ation \\u2014 setting a selling price \\u2197\",\"NIST \\u2014 facteurs de conversion des unit\\u00e9s \\u2197\":\"NIST \\u2014 unit conversion factors \\u2197\",\"Pour la suite de vos cr\\u00e9ations\":\"For your next creations\",\"\\u00c0 votre rythme, un petit pas apr\\u00e8s l\\u2019autre.\":\"At your own pace, one small step at a time.\",\"Des mains pr\\u00e9parent plusieurs morceaux de terre dans un atelier.\":\"Hands preparing several pieces of clay in a studio.\",\"Choisir ma terre\":\"Choose my clay\",\"Trouvez la terre qui correspond \\u00e0 votre projet.\":\"Find the clay that suits your project.\",\"Trouver ma terre\":\"Find my clay\",\"Une c\\u00e9ramiste pr\\u00e9pare des pi\\u00e8ces pr\\u00e8s d\\u2019un four de poterie.\":\"A potter preparing pieces near a pottery kiln.\",\"Pr\\u00e9parer ma cuisson\":\"Prepare my firing\",\"Anticipez les co\\u00fbts et pr\\u00e9parez votre prochaine fourn\\u00e9e.\":\"Plan the costs and prepare your next kiln load.\",\"Estimer le co\\u00fbt\":\"Estimate the cost\",\"Des mains prennent soin de mugs en c\\u00e9ramique termin\\u00e9s.\":\"Hands caring for finished ceramic mugs.\",\"Fixer mon prix\":\"Set my price\",\"Calculez un prix juste pour vos pi\\u00e8ces et votre travail.\":\"Calculate a fair price for your pieces and your work.\",\"Calculer mon prix\":\"Calculate my price\",\"Inspiration : Assiette fleur\":\"Inspiration: flower plate\",\"Inspiration : Vide-poche lettre\":\"Inspiration: letter-shaped trinket dish\",\"Inspiration : Cache-briquet\":\"Inspiration: lighter sleeve\",\"Cr\\u00e9ateur de gabarits gratuit\":\"Free template creator\",\"Cr\\u00e9ateur \\u00b7 Bient\\u00f4t disponible\":\"Creator \\u00b7 Coming soon\",\"Gabarits \\u0026 patrons\":\"Templates \\u0026 patterns\",\"Une forme \\u00e0 imaginer, une pi\\u00e8ce \\u00e0 pr\\u00e9parer, une id\\u00e9e \\u00e0 partager\\u2026 Retrouvez les projets et les conseils dans leur espace.\":\"A shape to imagine, a piece to prepare, an idea to share\\u2026 Find projects and guidance in their own space.\",\"39 formes \\u00e0 personnaliser, dont 19 pour l\\u2019argile autodurcissante. La fiche pr\\u00e9cise ce qui se d\\u00e9coupe, s\\u2019assemble ou se mod\\u00e8le.\":\"39 shapes to customise, including 19 for air-drying clay. Each project page explains what to cut out, assemble or model.\",\"Le cr\\u00e9ateur personnalisable se pr\\u00e9pare. Les id\\u00e9es et les conseils sont d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 l\\u00e0 pour accompagner votre prochaine cr\\u00e9ation.\":\"The customisable creator is in preparation. Ideas and guidance are already here to help with your next creation.\",\"POUR LA SUITE\":\"WHAT\\u2019S NEXT\",\"Une nouvelle envie de cr\\u00e9er ?\":\"Ready to create something new?\",\"Un peu de curiosit\\u00e9,\":\"A little curiosity,\",\"et les id\\u00e9es arrivent\\u2026\":\"and ideas start flowing\\u2026\",\"Inspiration : Vide-poche patte\":\"Inspiration: paw-shaped trinket dish\",\"Cr\\u00e9er chez soi,\":\"Create at home,\",\"sans cuisson\":\"without firing\",\"Des id\\u00e9es et des conseils pour l\\u2019argile autodurcissante.\":\"Ideas and guidance for air-drying clay.\",\"Je d\\u00e9couvre\":\"Explore\",\"Illustration de mains pr\\u00e9parant de l\\u2019argile dans un atelier\":\"Illustration of hands preparing clay in a studio\",\"Quelques rep\\u00e8res,\":\"A few pointers\",\"pour se lancer\":\"to get started\",\"Nos calculs et leurs limites, expliqu\\u00e9s simplement.\":\"Our calculations and their limitations, simply explained.\",\"Je prends mes rep\\u00e8res\":\"Find my bearings\",\"AVANT DE METTRE LES MAINS DANS LA TERRE\":\"BEFORE YOU GET YOUR HANDS INTO CLAY\",\"Un doute avant\":\"A question before\",\"de vous lancer ?\":\"you get started?\",\"Quelques r\\u00e9ponses, quand vous en avez besoin.\":\"A few answers, when you need them.\",\"Les outils sont-ils gratuits ?\":\"Are the tools free?\",\"Oui. Les 15 outils de cette page sont accessibles sans cr\\u00e9er de compte. Les calculs s\\u2019effectuent dans votre navigateur ; les valeurs saisies restent sur votre appareil. Les mesures utiles sont jointes uniquement si vous nous envoyez un signalement.\":\"Yes. The 15 tools on this page are available without creating an account. Calculations run in your browser; the values you enter stay on your device. Relevant measurements are attached only if you send us a report.\",\"Est-ce que je peux utiliser les valeurs d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 remplies ?\":\"Can I use the prefilled values?\",\"Elles servent \\u00e0 montrer comment l\\u2019outil fonctionne. Remplacez-les par vos dimensions, votre retrait mesur\\u00e9, les donn\\u00e9es de vos produits et vos co\\u00fbts avant d\\u2019utiliser le r\\u00e9sultat pour un projet.\":\"They show how the tool works. Replace them with your dimensions, measured shrinkage, product data and costs before using the result for a project.\",\"Quelle pr\\u00e9cision attendre des r\\u00e9sultats ?\":\"How accurate are the results?\",\"Chaque outil pr\\u00e9sente sa m\\u00e9thode et ses limites. Les mod\\u00e8les g\\u00e9om\\u00e9triques supposent des formes r\\u00e9guli\\u00e8res. La d\\u00e9formation, les ajouts, les pertes et les r\\u00e9glages r\\u00e9els peuvent changer le r\\u00e9sultat. Les estimations de poids, de contenance ou de cuisson sont des rep\\u00e8res \\u00e0 v\\u00e9rifier.\":\"Each tool explains its method and limitations. Geometric models assume regular shapes. Distortion, additions, losses and actual settings can change the result. Weight, capacity and firing estimates are reference points to check.\",\"O\\u00f9 trouver le retrait de ma terre ?\":\"Where can I find my clay\\u2019s shrinkage?\",\"La fiche fournisseur peut donner un rep\\u00e8re pour une cuisson d\\u00e9finie. Pour votre projet, mesurez une m\\u00eame distance sur une \\u00e9prouvette humide puis apr\\u00e8s la cuisson finale. Le calculateur de retrait vous accompagne pour convertir cette mesure en pourcentage.\":\"The supplier\\u2019s data sheet may provide a reference for a specified firing. For your project, measure the same distance on a wet test bar and then after the final firing. The shrinkage calculator helps you convert this measurement into a percentage.\",\"Ouvrir le calculateur de retrait \\u2192\":\"Open the shrinkage calculator \\u2192\",\"Comment pr\\u00e9parer mon gabarit ?\":\"How do I prepare my template?\",\"Choisissez votre mati\\u00e8re et une forme, adaptez les dimensions, puis t\\u00e9l\\u00e9chargez le PDF ou le SVG. Imprimez \\u00e0 100 % et mesurez le rep\\u00e8re de 50 mm. Chaque fiche indique les d\\u00e9coupes calcul\\u00e9es et les parties \\u00e0 modeler ou \\u00e0 ajuster.\":\"Choose your material and a shape, adjust the dimensions, then download the PDF or SVG. Print at 100 % and measure the 50 mm reference mark. Each project page identifies the calculated cut-outs and the parts to model or adjust.\",\"Ouvrir le cr\\u00e9ateur de gabarits \\u2192\":\"Open the template creator \\u2192\",\"Quand pourrai-je utiliser les gabarits ?\":\"When will I be able to use the templates?\",\"Le cr\\u00e9ateur personnalisable se pr\\u00e9pare. Les fiches et les conseils de l\\u2019espace Gabarits vous aident d\\u00e9j\\u00e0 \\u00e0 imaginer votre projet.\":\"The customisable creator is in preparation. The project pages and guidance in the Templates area already help you imagine your project.\",\"Illustration d\\u2019une c\\u00e9ramiste fa\\u00e7onnant un bol dans un atelier lumineux.\":\"Illustration of a potter shaping a bowl in a bright studio.\",\"ON VOUS GARDE UNE PLACE\":\"WE\\u2019RE SAVING YOU A PLACE\",\"Les outils vous accompagnent.\":\"The tools are here to help.\",\"Les mains font le reste.\":\"Your hands do the rest.\",\"Un premier bol, une envie d\\u2019apprendre\\u2026 et le plaisir de cr\\u00e9er ensemble.\":\"A first bowl, a desire to learn\\u2026 and the pleasure of creating together.\",\"Trouver un atelier\":\"Find a studio\",\"Votre prochaine cr\\u00e9ation\":\"Your next creation\",\"commence peut-\\u00eatre ici.\":\"might begin here.\",\"Des calculs expliqu\\u00e9s, des hypoth\\u00e8ses visibles. Pour la cuisson et l\\u2019usage final, suivez les fiches de votre terre, de vos \\u00e9maux et de votre four. Les visuels d\\u2019atelier et de pi\\u00e8ces sont des illustrations.\":\"Explained calculations and visible assumptions. For firing and final use, follow the data sheets for your clay, glazes and kiln. Studio and pottery visuals are illustrations.\",\"Ouvrez le formulaire depuis la page Outils C\\u00e9ramispot.\":\"Open the form from the C\\u00e9ramispot Tools page.\",\"Cette demande ne vient pas de la page C\\u00e9ramispot.\":\"This request does not come from the C\\u00e9ramispot page.\",\"Le formulaire n\\u2019a pas pu v\\u00e9rifier la page d\\u2019origine. Rechargez la page puis r\\u00e9essayez.\":\"The form could not verify the originating page. Reload the page and try again.\",\"Le formulaire a \\u00e9t\\u00e9 ouvert plusieurs fois. Patientez quelques minutes avant de r\\u00e9essayer.\":\"The form has been opened several times. Wait a few minutes before trying again.\",\"Le formulaire est momentan\\u00e9ment indisponible. Votre message n\\u2019a pas \\u00e9t\\u00e9 envoy\\u00e9.\":\"The form is temporarily unavailable. Your message has not been sent.\",\"Le formulaire contient des informations non reconnues.\":\"The form contains unrecognised information.\",\"Ajoutez quelques mots pour expliquer votre id\\u00e9e ou le probl\\u00e8me rencontr\\u00e9.\":\"Add a few words to explain your idea or the problem you encountered.\",\"Le formulaire contient une option invalide.\":\"The form contains an invalid option.\",\"Le formulaire n\\u2019a pas pu \\u00eatre envoy\\u00e9. Rechargez la page puis r\\u00e9essayez.\":\"The form could not be sent. Reload the page and try again.\",\"Un renseignement de contribution est invalide ou trop long.\":\"A contribution detail is invalid or too long.\",\"Le mod\\u00e8le, la mati\\u00e8re ou l\\u2019accord de publication est invalide.\":\"The template, material or publication consent is invalid.\",\"Les rep\\u00e8res de l\\u2019outil sont invalides. Rouvrez le formulaire depuis l\\u2019outil concern\\u00e9.\":\"The tool context is invalid. Reopen the form from the relevant tool.\",\"Le mat\\u00e9riau ou la convention de dimensions est invalide.\":\"The material or dimension convention is invalid.\",\"La page d\\u2019origine du retour est invalide.\":\"The feedback\\u2019s originating page is invalid.\",\"L\\u2019identifiant de l\\u2019outil est invalide.\":\"The tool identifier is invalid.\",\"Un rep\\u00e8re de l\\u2019outil est trop long ou invalide.\":\"A tool context entry is too long or invalid.\",\"La liste des mesures de l\\u2019outil est invalide.\":\"The tool\\u2019s measurement list is invalid.\",\"Une mesure de l\\u2019outil porte un nom invalide.\":\"A tool measurement has an invalid name.\",\"Une mesure de l\\u2019outil est hors limites.\":\"A tool measurement is outside the permitted range.\",\"Une mesure de l\\u2019outil est invalide.\":\"A tool measurement is invalid.\",\"Ce message contient trop d\\u2019informations. R\\u00e9duisez-le puis r\\u00e9essayez.\":\"This message contains too much information. Shorten it and try again.\",\"Le formulaire a expir\\u00e9. R\\u00e9essayez : votre texte est conserv\\u00e9.\":\"The form has expired. Try again: your text has been kept.\",\"Merci pour vos retours. Patientez un peu avant d\\u2019en envoyer un autre ; vous pouvez garder votre texte.\":\"Thank you for your feedback. Wait a little before sending another message; you can keep your text.\",\"Nous n\\u2019avons pas pu enregistrer votre message. Votre texte est conserv\\u00e9, vous pouvez r\\u00e9essayer.\":\"We could not save your message. Your text has been kept; you can try again.\",\"Choisissez une fiche de cr\\u00e9ation et sa mati\\u00e8re.\":\"Choose a project page and its material.\",\"Ouvrir la page compl\\u00e8te \\u2192\":\"Open the full page \\u2192\",\"Outils gratuits pour la poterie\":\"Free pottery tools\",\"Accueil\":\"Home\",\"Outils\":\"Tools\",\"outil\":\"tool\",\"outils\":\"tools\",\"{0} outil\":\"{0} tool\",\"{0} outils\":\"{0} tools\",\"{0} outil disponible\":\"{0} tool available\",\"{0} outils disponibles\":\"{0} tools available\",\"{0} doit \\u00eatre au moins \\u00e9gal \\u00e0 {1}.\":\"{0} must be at least {1}.\",\"{0} ne doit pas d\\u00e9passer {1}.\":\"{0} must not exceed {1}.\",\"{0} doit \\u00eatre compris entre {1} et {2}.\":\"{0} must be between {1} and {2}.\",\"Valeurs d\\u2019exemple \\u2014 adaptez-les \\u00e0 votre atelier.\":\"Example values \\u2014 adapt them for your studio.\",\"Valeurs d\\u2019exemple \\u2014 adaptez-les \\u00e0 votre terre.\":\"Example values \\u2014 adapt them for your clay.\",\"+ Ajouter une mati\\u00e8re\":\"+ Add a material\",\"+ Ajouter un additif\":\"+ Add an additive\",\"+ Ajouter un segment\":\"+ Add a segment\",\"Supprimer la mati\\u00e8re {0}\":\"Remove material {0}\",\"Supprimer l\\u2019additif {0}\":\"Remove additive {0}\",\"Supprimer le segment {0}\":\"Remove segment {0}\",\"Mati\\u00e8re {0}\":\"Material {0}\",\"Additif {0}\":\"Additive {0}\",\"Segment {0}\":\"Segment {0}\",\"{0} mati\\u00e8res\":\"{0} materials\",\"{0} additifs\":\"{0} additives\",\"{0} segments\":\"{0} segments\",\"{0} mati\\u00e8re\":\"{0} material\",\"{0} additif\":\"{0} additive\",\"{0} segment\":\"{0} segment\",\"mois\":\"months\",\"parts\":\"parts\",\"Temp\\u00e9rature \\u00e9quivalente en \\u00b0F\":\"Equivalent temperature in \\u00b0F\",\"Contenance utile (onces liquides imp\\u00e9riales)\":\"Usable capacity (UK fluid ounces)\",\"Contenance utile (onces liquides US)\":\"Usable capacity (US fluid ounces)\",\"Les \\u00e9quivalences en \\u00b0F sont des conversions des valeurs Celsius ; elles ne remplacent pas le tableau du fabricant.\":\"The \\u00b0F equivalents are conversions of the Celsius values; they do not replace the manufacturer\\u2019s chart.\",\"Les onces liquides imp\\u00e9riales et US d\\u00e9signent deux volumes diff\\u00e9rents.\":\"UK and US fluid ounces represent two different volumes.\",\"(en fran\\u00e7ais)\":\"(in French)\",\" et \":\" and \",\"Outil : {0}\":\"Tool: {0}\",\"{0}, ligne {1}\":\"{0}, line {1}\",\"+ {0} % de base\":\"+ {0} % of base\",\"{0} min\":\"{0} min\",\"{0} essais\":\"{0} tests\",\"{0} outil{1}\":\"{0} tool{1}\",\"{0} outil{1} disponible{2}\":\"{0} tool{1} available{2}\",\"(facultatif)\":\"(optional)\",\"exemple\":\"example\",\"\\u00ab {0} \\u00bb doit {1}{2}{3}.\":\"\\u201c{0}\\u201d must {1}{2}{3}.\",\"\\u00b7 version {0}\":\"\\u00b7 version {0}\",\"(obligatoire)\":\"(required)\",\"4 outils\":\"4 tools\",\"5 outils\":\"5 tools\",\"3 outils\":\"3 tools\",\"calcul\":\"calculation\",\"recherche\":\"search\",\"vitesse\":\"rate\",\"consommation\":\"consumption\",\"objectif\":\"target\",\"assiette\":\"fee basis\",\"cuisson\":\"firing\",\"technique\":\"technique\",\"usage\":\"use\",\"rendu\":\"appearance\",\"pratique\":\"experience\",\"stade\":\"stage\",\"ajoute\":\"adds\",\"retire\":\"removes\",\"Pour {0} pi\\u00e8ce\":\"For {0} piece\",\"Pour {0} pi\\u00e8ces\":\"For {0} pieces\",\"{0} h {1} min\":\"{0} h {1} min\",\"maximum 30\":\"maximum 30\",\"Toutes les valeurs doivent \\u00eatre finies.\":\"All values must be finite.\",\"pouce\":\"inch\",\"pied\":\"foot\",\"oz (masse)\":\"oz (mass)\",\"fl oz US\":\"US fl oz\"}}<\/script><script type=\"application\/json\" id=\"csp-feedback-config\">{\"enabled\":true,\"challengeUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ceramispot.com\\\/en\\\/wp-json\\\/ceramispot-tools\\\/v1\\\/feedback\\\/challenge\",\"submitUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ceramispot.com\\\/en\\\/wp-json\\\/ceramispot-tools\\\/v1\\\/feedback\",\"tipsUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.ceramispot.com\\\/en\\\/wp-json\\\/ceramispot-tools\\\/v1\\\/tips\",\"version\":\"2.8.0\"}<\/script><section id=\"csp-tool-instance-1\" data-csp-tools-page data-language=\"en\" class=\"csp-single-tool\" data-tool-home=\"terre\"><input type=\"hidden\" data-csp-tools-search value=\"\"><details class=\"csp-tool-card\" id=\"csp-embed-terre-1\" data-tool=\"terre\" data-keywords=\"clay stoneware earthenware porcelain beginner project\">\r\n <summary><span class=\"csp-card-icon\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3 11h26c-1 11-5 16-13 16S4 22 3 11Zm0 0c0-4 26-4 26 0\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"csp-card-text\"><span class=\"csp-small-tag\">Clay &amp; forming<\/span><h3>Choose your clay<\/h3><span class=\"csp-card-copy\">Which clay family should you explore for your project and firing?<\/span><\/span><span class=\"csp-card-arrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span><span class=\"csp-sr-only\">Open \/ close the tool<\/span><\/summary>\r\n <div class=\"csp-tool-content\"><div class=\"csp-open-heading\"><p>Guide your choice according to the available firing, technique and intended use of the piece.<\/p><a class=\"csp-text-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/outils\/\">All tools<\/a><\/div><div class=\"csp-calculator\" data-calculator><div class=\"csp-form-mount\"><\/div><section class=\"csp-result\" aria-label=\"Calculation result\" tabindex=\"-1\"><p class=\"csp-result-empty\">Enter your parameters to prepare your result.<\/p><\/section><\/div>\r\n <details class=\"csp-method\"><summary>Understand the calculation<\/summary><div><p>The tool first applies the firing and use constraints, then suggests a clay family to explore. It does not assign an artificial score that can offset an incompatible firing temperature.<\/p><p>This is editorial guidance: the specific product\u2019s data sheet, tests and studio conditions determine the final choice. No average shrinkage or food-use suitability is automatically inferred from a clay family.<\/p><p class=\"csp-source-label\">References<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sio-2.com\/fr\/content\/18-gres-chamottes-sio-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">SIO-2 \u2014 grogged stoneware characteristics \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/plainsmanclays.com\/data\/pdf\/PolarIceBrochure.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Plainsman \u2014 Polar Ice porcelain at cone 6 (PDF) \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/amaco.com\/asset\/670e774ec8a7b\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AMACO \u2014 air-drying clay project, decorative use (PDF) \u2197<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.maycocolors.com\/resources\/dinnerware-acmi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mayco \u2014 dinnerware suitability \u2197<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/details>\r\n <noscript><p class=\"csp-notice\">Enable JavaScript to use this calculator. You can still read the method and references below.<\/p><\/noscript><\/div><\/details><\/section>\n<h2>Shaping techniques<\/h2>\n<p>Four techniques cover almost everything. Pinching hollows out a ball between thumb and fingers. Coiling builds a wall from rolls stacked and smoothed together. Slab building rolls out a flat sheet, then cuts and joins it like a paper pattern. Throwing forms the pot on a spinning wheel head once you have learnt to centre the clay, which takes several sessions.<\/p>\n<p>The first three are hand-building techniques and give results from the very first class. Industry and many studios also cast slip, a liquid clay, in plaster moulds to make identical items. Learn on a wheel before you buy one; when the day comes, choosing your first pottery wheel explains what matters.<\/p>\n<h2>Drying and the two firings<\/h2>\n<p>A freshly made pot has to dry slowly and evenly. If the rim dries faster than the base, the difference in shrinkage cracks the piece. It must also be dry right through, or the steam will blow it apart as it fires.<\/p>\n<p>The first firing, the biscuit (or bisque), takes stoneware and porcelain to 900\u20131000 \u00b0C. Earthenware is often biscuited higher, around 1000 to 1050 \u00b0C, because many potters mature the body in that first firing and fire it lower the second time. The pot comes out solid but still absorbent, ready to be glazed. The second and final firing follows, at the temperature the glaze and the clay require; this is where stoneware and porcelain vitrify.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full csp-photo csp-illustration\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/illustration-etapes-piece.webp\" alt=\"The seven stages of making a bowl, from prepared clay to the final glaze firing\" width=\"1200\" height=\"350\" class=\"wp-image-9765\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/illustration-etapes-piece.webp 1200w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/illustration-etapes-piece-300x88.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/illustration-etapes-piece-1024x299.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/illustration-etapes-piece-768x224.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/illustration-etapes-piece-590x172.webp 590w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/illustration-etapes-piece-577x168.webp 577w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/illustration-etapes-piece-640x187.webp 640w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/illustration-etapes-piece-600x175.webp 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>A kiln that reaches 1280 \u00b0C costs several thousand pounds. In the UK, many home models up to about 60 litres draw 13 amps or less and come with an ordinary plug, but the socket must be on a circuit that can carry that load for a whole firing; anything above 3 kW needs a dedicated circuit fitted by an electrician. Either way it needs a ventilated room that nobody lives in, because glazes give off fumes as they mature. Buying one is covered in choosing a home model; until then, fire your pieces in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/trouver-un-four\/\">a studio kiln open to hobby potters<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Glaze and decoration<\/h2>\n<p>A glaze is a thin layer of glass melted onto the surface. Ground minerals form its base and metal oxides give the colour: cobalt gives blue, copper green or red, and iron gives amber, browns and blacks or, in a reduction firing, the pale green of celadons. Applied to the biscuit by dipping or brushing, it looks dull and chalky until it melts.<\/p>\n<p>Pots are also decorated with coloured slip, brushed onto the unfired piece, or by carving into the surface. One rule never changes: only a suitable ceramic glaze, fired to its correct temperature, makes a pot safe for food and drink, because some glazes contain lead, barium or cobalt. The \u201cceramic paints\u201d sold in craft shops are not glazes; their limits are explained in painting on ceramics.<\/p>\n<h2>A short history<\/h2>\n<p>Ceramics is the oldest of the fire arts: human beings fired clay long before they melted glass or metal. Among the oldest ceramic objects known are figurines, not vessels, such as the Venus of Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice, from what is now the Czech Republic, made in the Gravettian period, around 30,000 years ago.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full csp-photo\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-histoire-musee.webp\" alt=\"Two visitors look at and photograph ancient pottery displayed in a museum gallery\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" class=\"wp-image-9524\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-histoire-musee.webp 1200w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-histoire-musee-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-histoire-musee-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-histoire-musee-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-histoire-musee-590x393.webp 590w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-histoire-musee-1005x670.webp 1005w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-histoire-musee-577x385.webp 577w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-histoire-musee-640x427.webp 640w, https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/ceramique-histoire-musee-600x400.webp 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<p>The oldest known pottery comes from Xianren Cave in China: a study published in <em>Science<\/em> in 2012 dates it to about 20,000 years ago. In Britain and Ireland, pottery arrived with the first farmers, around 4000 BC. Their plain bowls with a sharp shoulder, the Carinated Bowls, follow a style from northern France; the hunter-gatherers before them had never made pots.<\/p>\n<p>Tin-glazed pottery appeared in what is now Iraq in the 9th century. The French call it faience, after the Italian town of Faenza; in Britain it became delftware, made in London, Bristol and Liverpool. Porcelain is Chinese, but when it was born depends on the definition: the first true porcelain is usually dated to the Eastern Han, and the technique had matured by the Tang dynasty, somewhere between about AD 200 and 800. Europe first imitated it with soft paste, made without kaolin, until Meissen, in Saxony, began making hard paste in 1710. In England, Chelsea and Bow made soft paste from the 1740s, William Cookworthy patented hard paste made with Cornish china clay in 1768, and by 1800 Spode, in Stoke-on-Trent, was selling bone china. Half of its body is calcined bone, traditionally from cattle, and it is prized for its strength and whiteness.<\/p>\n<h2>Careers in ceramics<\/h2>\n<p>Ceramicist is the word that covers everyone: the studio potter, the porcelain maker, the tile maker, the brickmaker. Factories employ throwers, mould makers and decorators; the advanced ceramics industry employs engineers who develop new ceramic materials and their applications. In the UK, the usual routes in are a college art and design course, a foundation degree or degree in ceramics or 3D design, a Craft Technician apprenticeship, or years as a studio assistant.<\/p>\n<p>Many independent potters combine selling their work, at craft fairs, potters\u2019 markets and galleries, with teaching, which pays more steadily. Selling regularly makes you a trader in HMRC\u2019s eyes: once your sales pass \u00a31,000 in a tax year (6 April to 5 April), you must register as a sole trader for Self Assessment. If you already teach, you can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/devenir-ceramiste\/\">list your studio on Ceramispot<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Where to start<\/h2>\n<p>With a session in a studio, before buying anything: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/reserver-un-atelier\/\">trying ceramics for a single session<\/a> is enough to feel whether you prefer the wheel or hand-building. Make your first pieces in stoneware, which forgives clumsy hands. Choosing a pottery class then helps you decide between a weekly course, a one-day workshop and open studio time.<\/p>\n<p>At home you can shape clay, but what has never been fired is not ceramics. Air-dry clay hardens as it dries and never becomes watertight, so it is never for mugs, plates or bowls you eat or drink from. The fine dust from your work contains crystalline silica, which causes silicosis, a lung disease that cannot be reversed: clean with a wet sponge or a Class M vacuum, never a broom, and wear an FFP3 mask for sanding.<\/p>\n<section class=\"csp-faq\"><h2 class=\"csp-faq-titre\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2><br \/>\n<details class=\"csp-faq-item\"><summary>What is ceramics in simple terms?<\/summary><div class=\"csp-faq-reponse\"><br \/>\nCeramics means objects made from clay and then hardened by heat, and by extension the material and the craft. The change is permanent: once heated, a pot never turns back into mud. The word comes from the Greek keramos, potter\u2019s clay. In its wider meaning it covers everything from terracotta flowerpots to the advanced ceramics used in engineering.<br \/><\/div><\/details><br \/>\n<details class=\"csp-faq-item\"><summary>What are the three types of ceramics?<\/summary><div class=\"csp-faq-reponse\"><br \/>\nIn pottery, the three types are earthenware, which fires at around 980 to 1050 \u00b0C and stays porous, stoneware (1240 to 1280 \u00b0C) and porcelain (1200 to 1400 \u00b0C), which both vitrify and become watertight. Materials scientists split ceramic materials differently: traditional clay-based ceramics on one side, advanced ceramics such as alumina or silicon carbide on the other.<br \/><\/div><\/details><br \/>\n<details class=\"csp-faq-item\"><summary>Is ceramic waterproof?<\/summary><div class=\"csp-faq-reponse\"><br \/>\nIt depends on the material. Terracotta and other low-fired bodies stay porous: water soaks in wherever they are left unglazed. Stoneware and porcelain vitrify at high temperature and become watertight right through. For tableware, the glaze must also be suitable for food and taken to its correct temperature.<br \/><\/div><\/details><br \/>\n<details class=\"csp-faq-item\"><summary>Is ceramics the same as pottery?<\/summary><div class=\"csp-faq-reponse\"><br \/>\nNo. Pottery is the part of ceramics that makes vessels: bowls, jugs, mugs, dishes and vases. Ceramics also covers decorative tiles, bricks, washbasins, sculpture and the advanced ceramics used in medicine, electronics and aerospace. Every pot is a ceramic, but most ceramics are not pots.<br \/><\/div><\/details><br \/>\n<details class=\"csp-faq-item\"><summary>What is the oldest ceramic in the world?<\/summary><div class=\"csp-faq-reponse\"><br \/>\nThe oldest ceramic objects known are Gravettian figurines such as the Venus of Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice, in the Czech Republic, made around 30,000 years ago. The oldest known vessels, from Xianren Cave in China, are about 20,000 years old. In Britain, pottery appears shortly before 4000 BC, with the first farmers.<br \/><\/div><\/details><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"csp-sources\"><h2 class=\"csp-sources-titre\">Sources<\/h2><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ceramic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia, \u201cCeramic\u201d \u2014 etymology from the Greek keramikos and keramos, potter\u2019s clay; advanced ceramics such as silicon carbide and tungsten carbide (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/Ceramics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Merriam-Webster, \u201cCeramics\u201d \u2014 first known use of \u201cceramic\u201d in English in 1850 (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencelearn.org.nz\/resources\/1769-what-are-ceramics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Learning Hub (University of Waikato), \u201cWhat are ceramics?\u201d \u2014 traditional and advanced ceramics, alumina and zirconia in dental implants and hip and knee replacements, ceramic tiles of the Space Shuttle (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/bitesize\/articles\/zphthcw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BBC Bitesize, \u201cWhat are ceramics?\u201d \u2014 properties of ceramics, brittleness, heat resistance, ceramic tiles on reusable spacecraft (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kate_Malone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia, \u201cKate Malone\u201d \u2014 judge on BBC Two\u2019s The Great Pottery Throw Down from 2015 to 2017 (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vam.ac.uk\/articles\/highlights-from-the-ceramics-collection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Victoria and Albert Museum, \u201cHighlights from the Ceramics collection\u201d \u2014 the film with Kate Malone, Neil Brownsword and curators Reino Liefkes and Alun Graves (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vam.ac.uk\/page\/p\/porcelain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Victoria and Albert Museum, Ceramics \u2014 collections from about 2500 BC to the present day, from Chinese porcelain to contemporary studio ceramics (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.potclays.co.uk\/ideal-bisque-firing-temperature\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Potclays, \u201cWhat is the ideal bisque firing temperature?\u201d \u2014 stoneware and porcelain biscuit fired to about 1000 \u00b0C, earthenware matured in either the biscuit or the glaze firing (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bisque_(pottery)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia, \u201cBiscuit (pottery)\u201d \u2014 biscuit firing usually at least 1000 \u00b0C, porous biscuit earthenware, non-porous vitreous wares (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kilncrafts.co.uk\/collections\/pottery-kilns-for-home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kiln Crafts, \u201cPottery kilns for home\u201d \u2014 30 to 61 litre kilns on a 13-amp plug reaching 1300 \u00b0C, from \u00a32,618 to \u00a34,095; the socket must be on a circuit that can take the load; dedicated circuit above 13 A (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kilns.co.uk\/hobbyist\/having-a-home-kiln-things-to-consider-beforehand\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kilncare, \u201cHaving a home kiln: things to consider\u201d \u2014 a 230 V kiln above 3 kW \/ 13 A cannot be plugged into a wall socket; ventilation essential (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/ceramicartsnetwork.org\/ceramics-monthly\/ceramics-monthly-article\/techno-file-iron-in-celadons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ceramics Monthly, \u201cTechno File: Iron in Celadons\u201d \u2014 iron gives pale yellow to amber in oxidation, celadon greens and blues in reduction (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/digitalfire.com\/oxide\/feo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Digitalfire, \u201cFeO\u201d \u2014 iron in reduction, celadons, browns and tenmoku blacks (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venus_of_Doln%C3%AD_V%C4%9Bstonice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia, \u201cVenus of Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice\u201d \u2014 ceramic figurine of the Gravettian, dated 31,000 to 27,000 years ago (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xianren_Cave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia, \u201cXianren Cave\u201d \u2014 pottery dated to 20,000\u201319,000 years before present, Science 2012 (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Neolithic_pottery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia, \u201cBritish Neolithic pottery\u201d \u2014 earliest pots in Britain shortly before 4000 BC, Carinated Bowl style linked to farmers from the continent (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/scarf.scot\/regional\/sesarf\/4-neolithic\/4-5-material-culture\/4-5-2-pottery\/4-5-2-1-early-neolithic-pottery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ScARF, \u201cEarly Neolithic pottery\u201d \u2014 Carinated Bowl introduced from northern France by farmers arriving around 4200 to 3800 BC; pottery unknown before in Britain and Ireland (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tin-glazed_pottery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia, \u201cTin-glazed pottery\u201d \u2014 first made in Iraq in the 9th century; English delftware; faience in France (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faience\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia, \u201cFaience\u201d \u2014 the name is the French name for Faenza (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/collections.vam.ac.uk\/item\/O21297\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Victoria and Albert Museum, Bristol delftware plate (O21297) \u2014 tin-glazed earthenware made in Bristol, London and Liverpool (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Porcelain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia, \u201cPorcelain\u201d \u2014 porcelain matured in China between about 200 and 800 CE depending on the definition; soft-paste porcelains; Meissen (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.unesco.org\/silkroad\/content\/chinese-porcelain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UNESCO Silk Roads, \u201cChinese Porcelain\u201d \u2014 first true porcelain under the Eastern Han, techniques matured under the Tang (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk\/perfecting-porcelain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science Museum, \u201cPerfecting porcelain\u201d \u2014 Meissen hard paste in 1710, English soft paste from 1742 then Chelsea and Bow, Cookworthy\u2019s 1768 patent and Plymouth factory (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/spodeceramics.com\/pottery\/ceramics\/development-bone-china\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spode, \u201cDevelopment of Bone China\u201d \u2014 Cookworthy\u2019s 1768 patent for china clay and china stone; Spode bone china marketed by 1800, 50 % calcined bone (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bone_china\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia, \u201cBone china\u201d \u2014 developed by Josiah Spode in Stoke-on-Trent in the 1790s; about 50 % bone ash, traditionally from cattle bones; among the strongest and whitest whitewares (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/nationalcareers.service.gov.uk\/job-profiles\/ceramics-designer-maker\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Careers Service, \u201cCeramics designer maker\u201d \u2014 routes through university, college, Craft Technician apprenticeship and studio work (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/cardiffmet.ac.uk\/artanddesign\/courses\/Pages\/baceramics.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cardiff Metropolitan University, BA (Hons) Ceramics \u2014 content of a UK ceramics degree (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/set-up-sole-trader\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GOV.UK, \u201cSet up as a sole trader\u201d \u2014 register for Self Assessment if you earn more than \u00a31,000 in a tax year (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/tax-free-allowances-on-property-and-trading-income\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GOV.UK, \u201cTax-free allowances on property and trading income\u201d \u2014 \u00a31,000 trading allowance (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/lung-disease\/silicosis.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HSE, \u201cSilicosis\u201d \u2014 respirable crystalline silica in clays, lung fibrosis after long exposure (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/PUBNS\/guidance\/cr1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HSE, \u201cCOSHH essentials in ceramics: Silica\u201d (CR1) \u2014 vacuum dry dust or use wet cleaning methods, Class M vacuum; silicosis is irreversible (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hsa.ie\/eng\/publications_and_forms\/publications\/information_sheets\/crystalline-silica-dust&#8212;information-sheet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health and Safety Authority (Ireland), \u201cCrystalline silica dust\u201d information sheet \u2014 pottery and ceramics listed among exposed trades, wet methods, FFP3 or P3 respirator (accessed October 2026)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What ceramics is, the three clays studios use, how a pot is shaped and fired, and where it all began. Each section points to the article that goes into more detail.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":9523,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[318],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11030","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-getting-started-ceramics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11030","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11030"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11030\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9523"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11030"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11030"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ceramispot.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11030"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}